![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextgreen.png)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextred.png)
![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextgreen.png)
![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltext_open_medium.gif)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextred.png)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltext_restricted_medium.gif)
Understanding the Role of Demographic Diversity on Mentoring and Job Satisfaction: A Study on Managers in Information Technology (IT) Industry in India
Subscribe/Renew Journal
The aim of this research study was to investigate the relationship between mentoring and job satisfaction. It was further aimed to examine whether feminine or masculine identity and managerial level, impacted his or her satisfaction level with the mentoring relationships in particular, and job satisfaction in general. The sample for the study comprised of 200 managers working across different managerial levels at various IT companies in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR) in India. The results of the study indicated that the gender of the manager did not effect the mentoring relationships in the organization. Conversely, female managers reported being more satisfied with the jobs when compared to their male counterparts. The managerial level of the employees was found to be significantly related with the mentoring. The study has few practical implications too. The matching of the mentor and protégé should be done based on the hierarchical levels to maximize the perceived satisfaction and learning of the protégé.
Keywords
Gender, Job Satisfaction, Managerial Levels, Mentoring, Work-related Attitudes.
User
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
Font Size
Information
- Adler, R., & Corson, D. (2003). Organizational commitment, employees, and performance. Chartered Accountants Journal of New Zealand, 82(3), 31-33.
- Ahmad, K. Z., & Raida, A. B. (2003). The association between training and organizational commitment among white-collar workers in Malaysia. International Journal of Training and Development, 7(3), 166-185.
- Allen, T. D. (2003). Mentoring others: A dispositional and motivational approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 134-154.
- Allen, T. D., & Eby, L.T.(2004). Factor related to mentor reports of mentoring functions provided: Gender and relationsl characteristics. Sex Roles, 50, 129-139.
- Allen, T. D., & O’Brien, K. E. (2006). Formal mentoring programs and organizational attraction. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 17, 43-58.
- Allen, T. D., Eby, L. T., Poteet, M. L., Lentz, E., & Lima, L. (2004). Career benefits associated with mentoring for protégés: A meta analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 127-136.
- Allen, T. D., Poteet, M. L., & Burroughs, S. M. (1997). The mentor’s perspective: A qualitative inquiry and future research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 70-89.
- Allen,T. D., Poteet, M. L., Russell, J. E. A., & Dobbins, G. H. (1997). A field study of factors related to supervisors’ willingness to mentor others. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 1-22.
- Bahniuk, M. H., Dobos, J., & Hill, S. E. (1990). The impact of mentoring, collegial support, and information adequacy on career success. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 488-507.
- Baron, R.A., Bryne, D., Nyler, R. & Branscombe, D. (2006). Social Psychology. London, UK: Allyn & Beacon.
- Bartlett, K. R. (2001). The relationship between training and organizational commitment: A study in the health care field. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(4), 335-361.
- Baugh, S. G., & Scandura, T. A. (1999). The effects of multiple mentors on protégé attitudes toward the work setting. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 14, 503-521.
- Baugh, S. G., Lakau, M. J., & Scandura, T. A. (1996). An Investigation of the Effects of Protégé Gender on Responses to Mentoring. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 4, 309-323.
- Beverly, K., & Sharon, J. E. (2005). Love Employees or Lose Employees: Getting Good People to Stay. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc, 117.
- Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (1999). The Rising Well-Being of the Young, forthcoming in Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries, edited by D. G. Blanchflower and R. Freeman. University of Chicago Press and NBER.
- Bolton, L.( 1991). Are you sitting comfortably? Accountancy, 108(1179), 123.
- Borzaga, C., & Depedri, S.( 2005). Interpersonal relations and job satisfaction: Some empirical results in social and community care services. In B. Gui and R. Sugden (Eds.), Economics and social interaction: accounting for interpersonal relations (pp. 132-153). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Bozionelos, N. (2004). Mentoring provided: Relation to mentor’s career success, personality, and mentoring received. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 24-46.
- Bozionelos, N. (2009). Expatriation outside the boundaries of the multinational corporation: A study with expatriate nurses in saudi arabia. Human Resource Management, 48(1), 111-134.
- Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307-311.
- Brown, D., & McIntosh. (1998). If you’re happy and you know it…job satisfaction in the low wage service sector (Discussion Paper 405). London, UK: Centre for Economic Performance.
- Burk, R. J., & McKeen, C. A. (1997). Benefits of mentoring relationships among managerial and professional women:A cautionary tale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 43-57.
- Burke, R. J., McKeen, C. A., & McKenna, C. (1993). Correlates of mentoring in organizations: The mentor’s perspective. Psychological Reports, 72, 883-896.
- Carpitella, B. (2003). Make residential construction the industry of choice [Electronic version]. Professional Builder, Oct 2003.
- Chao, G. T., Walz, P. M., & Gardner, P. D. (1992). Formal and informal mentorships: A comparison on mentoring functions and contrast with non-mentored counterparts. Personnel Psychology, 45, 619-636.
- Chew, Y. T., & Wong, S. K. (2008). Effects of Career Mentoring Experience and Perceived Organizational Support on Employee Commitment and Intentions to Leave: A Study Among Hotel Workers in Malaysia. International Journal of Management, 25(4), 692-700.
- Clark, A. (2005). What makes a good job? Evidence from OECD countries. In S. Bazen, C. Lucifora and W. Salverda (Eds.), Job quality and employer behaviour (pp. 11-30). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Clutterbuck, D., & Ragins, B. R. (2002). Mentoring and diversity: An international perspective. Johannesburg, South Africa: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Dreher, G. F. & Cox, T. H. Jr. (1996). Race, gender and opportunity. A study of compensation attainment and the establishment of mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 279-308.
- Dreher, G. F., & Ash, R. A.(1990). A comparative study of mentoring among men and women in managerial, professional, and technical positions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(5), 539-546.
- Dreher, G. F., & Chargois, J. A. (1998). Gender, mentoring experiences, and salary attainment among graduates of an historically black university. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53, 401-416.
- Eby, L. T. D. T., Allen, T. D., Hoffman, B. J., Baranik, L. E., Sauer, J. B., Baldwin, S., ... & Evans, S. C. (2013). An interdisciplinary meta-analysis of the potential antecedents, correlates, and consequences of protégé perceptions of mentoring. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 441-476.
- Ensher, E. A., & Murphy, S. E.(1997). Effects of race, gender, perceived similarity, and contact on mentor relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 460-481.
- Fagenson, E. A. (1989), The Mentor Advantage: Perceived Career/Job Experiences of Proteges v Nonprotege´s,’ Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 309-320.
- Freedman, M. (1992). The kindness of strangers: Reflections on the mentoring movement. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures.
- Green, C., & Heywood, J. S. (2008). Does performance pay increase job satisfaction? Economica, 75, 710-728.
- Greenhaus, J. H., & Foley, S. (2007). The Intersection of Work and Family Lives. H. Gunz and M. Peiperl (Eds.), Handbook of Career Studies (pp.131-152). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
- Haddock, S., Zimmerman, T., Lyness, K., & Ziemba, S. (2006). Practices of Dual Earner Couples Successfully Balancing Work and Family. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 27(2),207-234.
- Harris, J. I., Winskowski, A. M., & Engdahl, B. E. (2007). Types of Workplace Social Support in the Prediction of Job Satisfaction. The Career Development Quarterly, 56, 150-156.
- Hartmann, N. N., Rutherford, B. N., Hamwi, G. A., & Friend, S. B. (2013). The effects of mentoring on salesperson commitment. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2294-2300.
- Heskett, J. L., Jones, T. O., Loveman G. W., Earl Sasser, Jr., W. & Schlesinger, L. A. (1994). Putting the service-profit chain to work. Harvard Business Review, (March-April) 72(2), 164-174.
- Hilgerman, R. (1998). Communication satisfaction, goal setting, job satisfaction, concertive control, and effectiveness in self-managed teams. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 1661.
- Hoigaard, R., & Mathisen, P. (2009). Benefits of formal mentoring for female leaders. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 7(2), 64-70.
- Hunt, D. M., & Michael, C. (1983). Mentorship: A career training and development tool. Academy of Management Review, 8(3), 475-485.
- India’s IT sector at the crossroads: Knowledge-based capital will determine India’s future in the world economy. (2015, January 13). Livemint.com. Retrieved from http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/3IfGSmr9cQvbwOZ4aollCL/Indias-ITsector-at-the-crossroads.html‘
- Infante, D. A., & Gorden, W. I. (1987). Superior and subordinate communication profiles: Implications for independent-mindedness and upward effectiveness. Central States Speech Journal, 38, 73-80.
- Iverson, R. D., & Buttigieg, D. M. (1999). Affective, normative, and continuance commitment: can the ‘right kind’ of commitment be managed? Journal of Management Studies, 36(3), 307-333.
- Jandeska, K. E., & Kraimer, M. L. (2005). Womens Perceptions of Organizational Culture, Work, Attitudes, and Role-Modeling Behaviors. Journal of Managerial Issues, 17(4), 461-478.
- Jennings, E. E. (1976). The mobile managers. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Jha, B. K., Gupta, S. L., & Yadav, P. (2008). Use and effectiveness of new technologies in Indian banking: A study. The ICFAI Journal of Services Marketing, 6(1), 6-22.
- Korabik, K. (1997). Applied gender issues. In S. W. Sadava and D.R. Mc Creary (Eds.). Applied Social Psychology. (pp. 292-302). Upper saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
- Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-Family Conflict, Policies, and the JobLife Satisfaction Relationship: A Review and Directions for Organizational Behavior-Human Resources Research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 139-149.
- Kram, K. E., & Hall, D. T. (1996). Mentoring in a context of diversity and turbulence. In S. Lobel & E. E. Kossek (Eds.), Human Resources Strategies for Managing Diversity. London, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
- Kram, K. E., (1985), Mentoring at work: Developmental relationships in organizational life. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
- Krishnakumar, S. (2008). The role of emotional intelligence and job emotional requirements in job attitudes and behavior (Doctoral dissertation). Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved from http://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05222008-094940/unrestricted/Kumar_Dissertation_June17th.pdf
- Laiho, M., & Brandt, T. (2012). Views of HR specialists on formal mentoring: current situation and prospects for the future. Career Development International, 17(5), 435-457.
- Lankau, M. J., Riordan, C. M., & Thomas, C. H. (2005). The effects of similarity and liking in formal mentoring relationships between mentors and protégés. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 252-265.
- Lease, S. H. (1998). Annual review, 1993-1997: Work attitudes and outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53(2), 154-183.
- Lentz, E. & Allen, T. D. (2009). The role of mentoring others in the career plateauing phenomenon. Group & Organizational Management, 34(3), 358-384.
- Leontaridi, R., & Sloane, P. ( 2001). Measuring the Quality of Jobs: Promotion Prospects, Low Pay and Job Satisfaction, Lower Working Paper n.7, University of Amsterdam.
- Lester, P. B., Hannah, S. T., Harms, P. D., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Avolio, B. J. (2011). Mentoring impact on leader efficacy development: A field experiment. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 10, 409-429.
- Levenson, A. R., Van der Stede, W. A., & Cohen, S. G. (2006). Measuring the relationship between managerial competencies and performance. Journal of Management, 32(3), 360-380.
- Levinson, D. J., Darrow, C. N., Klein, E. B., Levinson, M. H., & McKee, B. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York, NY: Knopf Publishing.
- Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
- Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2004). What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the 21st century. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 308-403.
- Luthans, F. (2005). Organizational behavior (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
- Madlock, P. E. (2006). Do differences in displays of nonverbal immediacy and communicator competence between male and female supervisors effect subordinate’s job satisfaction. Ohio Communication Journal, 44, 61-77.
- Marcson, S. (1960). The Scientist in American Industry. New York, NY: Harper.
- McClelland, D. C.(1975). Power: The Inner Experience. New York, NY: Irvington.
- Mobey., & Lockey, E. A. (1970). Job Satisfaction and Performance: A Theoretical Analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 5, 484-500.
- Mullen, E. J. (1998). Vocational and psychosocial mentoring functions: Identifying mentors who serve both. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 9, 319-331.
- Nielson, T. R., Carlson, D., & Lankau, M. J. (2001). The Supportive Mentor as a Means of Reducing Work–Family Conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 364-381.
- Noe, R. A. (1988a). An investigation of the determinants of successful assigned mentoring relationships. Personnel Psychology, 41, 457-479.
- Noe, R. A. (1988b). Women and mentoring: A review and research agenda. Academy of Management Review, 13, 65-78.
- Peterson, J. L. (2005). Mentoring: Leadership as a subversive activity. The Washington Library Association Journal, 21, 3.
- Pritchard, R., Dunnette, M., &. Jorgensen, D. ( 1972). Effects of perceptions of equity and inequity on worker performance and satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 75-94.
- Ragins B. R., Cotton J. L., & Miller J. (2000). Marginal mentoring: The effects of type of mentor quality of relationship and program design on work and career attitudes. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1177-1194.
- Ragins, B. R. (1997). Diversified mentoring relationships in organizations: A power perspective. Academy of Management Review, 22, 482-521.
- Ragins, B. R. (1999). Gender and mentoring relationships: A review and research agenda for the next decade. In G. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (pp. 347-370). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1993). Gender and willingness to mentor in organizations. Journal of Management, 19, 97-111.
- Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1999). Mentor functions and outcomes: A comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 529-550.
- Ragins, B. R., & Scandura, T. A. (1994). Gender differences in expected outcomes of mentoring relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 957-971.
- Ragins, B. R., & Scandura, T. A. (1999). Burden or blessing? Expected costs and benefits of being a mentor. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 493-509.
- Ramaswami, A., Dreher, G. F., Bretz, R., & Wiethoff, C. (2010). Gender, mentoring, and career success: The importance of organizational context. Personnel Psychology, 63(2), 385-405.
- Rhodes, J. E. (2002). Stand By Me: The Risks and Rewards of Mentoring Todays Youth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (2000). The impact of supervisor and subordinate immediacy on relational and organizational outcomes. Communication Monographs, 67, 85-95.
- Ridgeway, C. L. (Ed.) (1992). Gender, Interaction, and Inequality. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
- Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational Behavior. (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Robbins, S. P. (2003). Organizational Behavior. (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Robbins., S. A., & Sanghi, S. (2006). Organizational Behavior. (11th ed.), New Delhi, India: Dorling Kindersley.
- Roche, G. R. (1979). Much ADO about mentors. Harvard Business Review, 57, 14-28.
- Salt, J., Cummings, G. G., & Profetto-McGrath, J. (2008). Increasing retention of new graduate nurses: A systematic review of interventions by healthcare organizations. Journal of Nursing Administration, 38(6), 287-296.
- Sanchez, R. J., Bauer, T. N., & Paronto, M. E. (2006). Peer-Mentoring Freshmen: Implications for Satisfaction, Commitment, and Retention to Graduation. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 5(1), 25-37.
- Sawyer, J. E. (1992). Goal and Process Clarity: Specification of Multiple Constructs of Role Ambiguity and a Structural Equation Model of their Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 130-142.
- Scandura, T. A. (1992). Mentorship and Career Mobility: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 169-174.
- Scandura, T. A. (1997). Mentoring and Organizational Justice: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 58-65.
- Scandura, T. A., & Viator, R. E. (1994). Mentoring in Public Accounting Firms: An Analysis of Mentoring–Prote´ge´ Relationships, Mentorship Functions, and Protege´ Turnover Intentions. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 19, 717-734.
- Scandura, T. A., & Williams, E. A. (2001). An investigation of the moderating impact of gender on the relationships between mentorship initiation and protégé perceptions of mentoring functions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 342-363.
- Scandura, T. A., & Williams, E. A. (2004). Mentoring and transformational leadership: The role of supervisory career mentoring. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 248-268.
- Seibert, S. (1999). The effectiveness of facilitated mentoring: A longitudinal quasiexperiment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 483-502.
- Serini, S. A., Toth, E., Wright, D. K., & Emig, A. G. (1997). Watch for falling glass. Women, men, and job satisfaction in public relations: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 9, 99-118.
- Sharma, R. D., & Jyoti, J. (2009). Job satisfaction of university teachers: An empirical study. Journal of Services Research, 9(2), 51-80.
- Shea, G. F. (1994). Mentoring: Helping employees reach their full potential. New York, NY: AMA Membership Publications Division.
- Siebern-Thomas, F. (2005). Job Quality in European Labor Markets, in Bazen S., Lucifora C.
- Siegel, P. H., & Omer, K. (1995). Mentoring as an Antidote to Stress during a Regional CPA Firm Merger. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 7, 87-100.
- Silverhart, T. A. (1994). It Works: Mentoring Drives Productivity Higher. Managers Magazine, 14-15.
- Simmonds, D., & Zammit Lupi, A. M. (2010). The matching process in ementoring: A case study in luxury hotels. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(4), 300-316.
- Singh, V., Bains, D. & Vinnicombe, S. (2002). Informal Mentoring as an Organizational Resource. Long Range Planning, 35(4), 389-405.
- Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Spell, R. M., Guinan, J. A., Miller, K. R., & Beck, C. W. (2014). Redefining authentic research experiences in introductory biology laboratories and barriers to their implementation. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 13(1), 102-110.
- TechTarget. (2013). Special report: TechTarget’s 2013 IT salary survey results. Retrieved from http://surveygizmolibrary.s3.amazonaws.com/library/4437/2013Salaryeguide.pdf
- Tharenou, P. (2005). Does Mentor Support Increase Women’s Career Advancement More Than Men’s? The Differential Effects of Career and Psychosocial Support. Australian Journal of Management, 30(1), 77-109.
- Turban, D. B. & Dougherty, T. W. (1994). Role of prote´ge´ personality in receipt of mentoring and career success. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 688-702.
- Tyler, K. (1998). Mentoring programs link employees and experienced execs. HR Magazine, 4, 99-103.
- Van, Emmerik., I. J. H. (2008). It is not only mentoring: The combined influences of individual-level and team-level support on job performance. Career Development International, 13(7), 575-593.
- Vedashree, R. (2012). Indian IT-BPO industry: Driving India’s socio economic transformation. NOIDA, India: National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM). Retrieved from http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2012_h/rama%20ji%20-impact%20of%20it-bpo%20industry-1-oct-2012.pdf
- Viator, R. E., & Scandura, T. A. (1991). A study of mentor-protégé relationships in large public accounting firms. Accounting Horizons, 5, 20-30.
- Wallace, J. E. (2001). The benefits of mentoring female lawyers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 366-391.
- Whitely, W. T., & Coetsier, P. (1993). The relationship of career mentoring to early career outcomes. Organization Studies, 14(3), 419-441.
- Whitely, W., Dougherty, T. W., & Dreher, G. F. (1991). Relationship of career mentoring and socioeconomic origin to managers’ and professionals’ early career progress. Academy of Management Journal, 34(2), 331-351.
- Wilson, J. A., & Elman, N. S. (1990). Organizational benefits of mentoring. Academy of Management Executive, 4, 88-94.
- Witt, L., & Nye, L. (1992). Gender and the relationship between perceived fairness of pay or promotion and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 910-917.
- Yukl, G. A. (2010). Leadership in Organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall.
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/abstractview.png)
Abstract Views: 167
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/pdfview.png)
PDF Views: 0