Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

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Evaluation of Smokeless Tobaccos-induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice


Affiliations
1 Cell and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Umshing-Mawkynroh, Shillong – 793022, Meghalaya, India
     

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The massive global increase in tobacco use has become a public health problem worldwide. Gutka or gutkha and zarda are some of the widespread smokeless tobacco products commonly consumed in India. The present study aims at analyzing the histopathology and biochemical changes in the liver and kidney of Swiss albino mice following the treatment with some smokeless tobaccos. The animals in different groups were administered with low and high doses of aqueous solutions/ filtrates of a gutkha and a blend of combined pan masala and S-FOUR zarda daily by oral gavage for a month. After treatment, the liver and kidneys were collected for histopathological examination through light and transmission electron microscopy and reduced glutathione determination. At the same time, blood samples were collected for measuring the serum marker enzymes/biochemicals for liver and kidney functions. Histological and ultrastructural observations of the liver and kidney showed marked deleterious alterations in the structural architecture, suggesting the development of cytopathological tendency of the tissues after treatment with smokeless tobaccos. Serum biomarker enzymes for liver and kidney functions showed a considerable increase in all the parameters, thus, indicating adverse effects on their functional capabilities which substantiate the structural variations and development of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity after treatment. The treated animals showed a significant decrease in GSH levels in these tissues which may cause decreased antioxidant and protective ability and may aid in developing the toxicity in the hosts. These toxicities could be attributable to various chemical constituents present which are needed to be analyzed and made known on the commercially available smokeless tobacco products/packets. It is suggested that addictive use of smokeless tobaccos could be a risk factor for many diseases and in developing countries like India, recognition of harmful consequences of their recurrent usage should be widely known to the public.

Keywords

Glutathione, Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Smokeless Tobacco.
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  • Evaluation of Smokeless Tobaccos-induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice

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Authors

Grimchi T. Sangma
Cell and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Umshing-Mawkynroh, Shillong – 793022, Meghalaya, India
Manash P. Borah
Cell and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Umshing-Mawkynroh, Shillong – 793022, Meghalaya, India
Ibanrikynti Turnia
Cell and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Umshing-Mawkynroh, Shillong – 793022, Meghalaya, India
Surya Prasad
Cell and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Umshing-Mawkynroh, Shillong – 793022, Meghalaya, India

Abstract


The massive global increase in tobacco use has become a public health problem worldwide. Gutka or gutkha and zarda are some of the widespread smokeless tobacco products commonly consumed in India. The present study aims at analyzing the histopathology and biochemical changes in the liver and kidney of Swiss albino mice following the treatment with some smokeless tobaccos. The animals in different groups were administered with low and high doses of aqueous solutions/ filtrates of a gutkha and a blend of combined pan masala and S-FOUR zarda daily by oral gavage for a month. After treatment, the liver and kidneys were collected for histopathological examination through light and transmission electron microscopy and reduced glutathione determination. At the same time, blood samples were collected for measuring the serum marker enzymes/biochemicals for liver and kidney functions. Histological and ultrastructural observations of the liver and kidney showed marked deleterious alterations in the structural architecture, suggesting the development of cytopathological tendency of the tissues after treatment with smokeless tobaccos. Serum biomarker enzymes for liver and kidney functions showed a considerable increase in all the parameters, thus, indicating adverse effects on their functional capabilities which substantiate the structural variations and development of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity after treatment. The treated animals showed a significant decrease in GSH levels in these tissues which may cause decreased antioxidant and protective ability and may aid in developing the toxicity in the hosts. These toxicities could be attributable to various chemical constituents present which are needed to be analyzed and made known on the commercially available smokeless tobacco products/packets. It is suggested that addictive use of smokeless tobaccos could be a risk factor for many diseases and in developing countries like India, recognition of harmful consequences of their recurrent usage should be widely known to the public.

Keywords


Glutathione, Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Smokeless Tobacco.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/ti%2F2018%2Fv25i4%2F23871