Simulation of Fluid Flow in Weld Pools-A Review

Welding technology has advanced significantly in the last several decades. Gaps in the understanding of the welding processes have also become apparent as a result of research efforts mainly on the structure and properties of the welds and, to a lesser extent, on the welding processes. During welding, a combination of buoyancy, electromagnetic and surface tension effects leads to vigorous circulation of the weld metal and concomitant convective mass transfer within the weld pool. The structure, properties and chemical composition of the weld metal are strongly affected by the metal flow in the weld pool and the alloying element loss due to evaporation. Resolution of these issues contributes to improved understanding and control of welding processes.

NOMENCLATURE : η arc efficiency, k = heat concentration coefficient,

GTA= Gas Tungsten Arc; HAZ = Heat Affected Zone 1.