Education in India has a history stretching back to the ancient urban centres of learning at Taxila and Nalanda western into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj education in India the control of both the central government and the states with some responsibilities lying with the centre and the state having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian constitution provide for education as a primary need. Most universities in India are Central or State Government controlled. India's education system turns out millions of graduates each year, many skilled in IT and engineering. This manpower advantage underpins India's recent economic advances, but asks deep seated problems within India's education system. Indian governments have seen education as a crucial development tool. Since Independence, the education policies of successive governments have built on the substantial legacies of the Nehruvian period, targeting the core themes of plurality and secularism, with a focus on excellence in higher education, and inclusiveness at all levels. Traditional education in India served a very limited purpose of a particular section of the society belonging to certain caste. During medieval period education was similarly elitist, favouring the rich. These pre-existing elitist tendencies were reinforced under British rule. British colonial rule brought with it the concept of a modern state, a modern economy and a modern education system. The education system was first developed in the three presidencies (Bombay, Calcutta and Madras).
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