Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Emotional Intelligence and Severity of Disease among Coronary Artery Disease Patients having Type D and Non-type D Personality


Affiliations
1 Ph.D Scholar, Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
2 Principal, Waghire College of Arts, Commerce & Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Globally Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) has emerged as a major health concern. For more than half a century research interest in the contribution of personality to CAD has shown mixed results. People with Type D or Distressed personality exhibit uncomfortable emotions (Negative affectivity), and avoidance of social situations (Social inhibition) both of which adversely impact heart health. Emotional Intelligence includes understanding, managing, regulating, and using emotions. Relevant research shows that individuals with high Emotional Intelligence enjoy better physical, social and psychological health and experience lesser emotional distress as compared to those low on it. Further personality and emotion are known to impact the severity of the disease. The present study compares Type D and Non-Type D Personality CAD patients on Emotional intelligence and severity of disease. Sample consisted of N=176, (Type D=88, Non-Type-D=88) CAD patients, matched on age (30-65 years). The study utilized the DS-14 scale, EEA (Exploring Emotional Abilities), and preoperative LVEF (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Independent samples t-test, and Mann- Whitney test. A statistically significant difference was found among CAD patients having Type D personality on Self-Awareness, Motivation, Empathy, Social Skills, overall Emotional Intelligence and pre-procedure LVEF which was poorer when compared to Non-Type D counterparts.

Keywords

type D personality, CAD, emotional intelligence, severity of CAD
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Albus, C., Waller, C., Fritzsche, K., Gunold, H., Haass, M., Hamann, B., Kindermann, I., Köllner, V., Leithäuser, B., Marx, N., Meesmann, M., Michal, M., Ronel, J., Scherer, M., Schrader, V., Schwaab, B., Weber, C.S., & Herrmann-Lingen, C. (2019). Significance of psychosocial factors in cardiology: Update 2018: Position paper of the German cardiac society. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 108(11), 1175-1196.

  • Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., & Egan, V. (2005). Personality, well-being and health correlates of trait emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 547-558.

  • Bastian, V. A., Burns, N. R., & Nettelbeck, T. (2005). Emotional intelligence predicts life skills, but not as well as personality and cognitive abilities. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1135-145.

  • Bishop, G.D. (2016) Personality and cardiovascular disease: Overview. In M. Alvarenga and D. Byrne (Eds.), Handbook of psychocardiology. Springer, Singapore.

  • Bouwens, E., Lier, F., Rouwet, E., Verhagen, H., Stolker, R., & Hoeks, S. (2019). Type D personality and health-related quality of life in vascular surgery patients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(4), 343–351. 10.1007/s12529-018-09762-3.

  • Colman, D. E., Echon, R., Lemay, M. S., McDonald, J., Smith, K. R., Spencer, J., & Swift, J. K. (2016). The efficacy of self-care for graduate students in professional psychology: A meta-analysis. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 10(4), 188-197.

  • Cuartero, M. E., & Campos-Vidal, J. F. (2019). Self-care behaviours and their relationship with satisfaction and compassion fatigue levels among social workers. Social Work in Health Care, 58(3), 274-290.

  • De Vogli, R., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M.G. (2007). Negative aspects of close relationships and heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(18), 1951-1957. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.18.1951. PMID: 17923594.

  • Denollet, J. (1998). Personality and coronary heart disease: The type-D Scale-16 (DS16). Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20(3), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf02884962

  • Denollet, J., & Brutsaert, D. L. (1998). Personality, disease severity, and the risk of longterm cardiac events in patients with a decreased ejection fraction after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 97(2), 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.97.2.167

  • Denollet, J. (2005). DS14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and type D personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(1), 89-97. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000149256.81953.49. PMID: 15673629.

  • Denollet, J., Gidron, Y., Vrints, C.J., & Conraads, V.M. (2010). Anger, suppressed anger, and risk of adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 105(11), 1555-1560. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.015. Epub 2010 Apr 10. PMID: 20494661.

  • Denollet, J., & Conraads, V.M. (2011). Type D personality and vulnerability to adverse outcomes in heart disease. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 1, S13-S19. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.78.s1.02. PMID: 21972324.

  • Emond, M., Mock, M.B., Davis, K.B., Fisher, L.D., Holmes, D.R., Chaitman, B.R., Kaiser, G.C., Alderman, E., & Killip, T. (1994). Participants in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS). Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) registry. Circulation, 90, 2645-2657.

  • Emons, W. H. M., Meijer, R. R., & Denollet, J. (2007). Negative affectivity and social inhibition in cardiovascular disease: Evaluating Type-D personality and its assessment using item response theory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63(1), 27-39.

  • Eysenck, H.J. (1988). Personality, stress and cancer: Prediction and prophylaxis. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 61(Pt.1), 57-75.

  • Frasure-Smith, N., Lespérance, F., & Talajic, M. (1993). Depression following myocardial infarction: Impact on 6-month survival. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270(15), 1819-1825.

  • Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R.H. (1960). Overt behavior pattern in coronary disease. Detection of overt behavior pattern A in patients with coronary disease by a new psychophysiological procedure. Journal of the American Medical Association, 173, 1320-1325.

  • Garcia-Retamero, R., Petrova, D., Arrebola-Moreno, A., Catena, A., & Ramírez Hernández, J.A. (2016). Type D personality is related to severity of acute coronary syndrome in patients with recurrent cardiovascular disease. British Journal of Health Psychology, 21(3), 694-711. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12196. Epub 2016 May 25. PMID: 27222488.

  • Goldman, S. L., Kraemer, D. T., & Salovey, P. (1996). Beliefs about mood moderate the relationship of stress to illness and symptom reporting. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45, 115-128.

  • Gupta, R., Mohan, I., & Narula, J. (2016). Trends in coronary heart disease epidemiology in India. Annals of Global Health, 82, 307-315.

  • Haines, A., Cooper, J., & Meade, T. W. (2001). Psychological characteristics and fatal ischaemic heart disease. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 85, 385-389.

  • Kones, R. (2011). Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: Integration of new data, evolving views, revised goals, and role of rosuvastatin in management. A comprehensive survey. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 5, 325-380.

  • Kupper, N., & Denollet, J. (2018). Type D personality as a risk factor in coronary heart disease: A review of current evidence. Current Cardiology Reports, 20(11), 104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-018-1048-x

  • Mayer, J. D., Salovery, P., & Caruso, D.R. (2002). Mayer-salovey-caruso emotional intelligence test. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health.

  • Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R.D., & Barsade, S. G. (2007). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536.

  • Mensah, G. A., Roth, G. A., & Fuster, V. (2019). The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: 2020 and beyond. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(20), 2529-2532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.009

  • Mols, F., Oerlemans, S., Denollet, J., Roukema, J. A., & van de Poll-Franse, L. V. (2012). Type D personality is associated with increased comorbidity burden and health care utilization among 3080 cancer survivors. General Hospital Psychiatry, 34(4), 352-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.01.014

  • Mols, F., & Denollet, J. (2010). Type D personality among noncardiovascular patient populations: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(1), 66-72.

  • National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (2012). National institutes of health. Morbidity and Mortality. Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung and Blood Diseases. [Retrieved May 25, 2012].

  • Ogrodniczuk, J., Piper, W., & Joyce, A. (2011). Effect of alexithymia on the process and outcome of psychotherapy: A programmatic review. Psychiatry Research, 190, 4348. 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.026.

  • Pedersen, S. S., & Denollet, J. (2003). Type D personality, cardiac events, and impaired quality of life: A review. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation: Official Journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology and Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology, 10(4), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1097/00149831-200308000-00005

  • Petrides, K. V., Vernon, P. A., Schermer, J. A., Ligthart, L., Boomsma, D. I., & Veselka, L. (2010). Relationships between trait emotional intelligence and the big five in the Netherlands. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 906-910.

  • Rose, M., Fliege, H., Hildebrandt, M., Schirop, T., & Klapp, B.F. (2002). The network of psychological variables in patients with diabetes and their importance for quality of life and metabolic control. Diabetes Care, 25(1), 35-42. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.1.35. PMID: 11772898.

  • Schiffer, A.A., Denollet, J., Widdershoven, J.W., Hendriks, E.H., & Smith, O.R.F. (207). Failure to consult for symptoms of heart failure in patients with a type-D personality. Heart, 93, 814-818.

  • Sher, L. (2005). Type D personality: The heart, stress, and cortisol, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 98(5), 323-329.

  • Steptoe, A., & Molloy, G.J. (2007). Personality and heart disease. Heart, 93,783-784.

  • Thompson, D.R., & Ski, C.F. (2012). Motivational interviewing as a brief intervention to improve cardiovascular health. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 12, 226-229.

  • Vlachaki, C., & Maridaki-Kassotaki, K. (2013). Coronary heart disease and emotional intelligence. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(6), 156-165. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v5n6p156

  • Williams, L., O'Connor, R.C., Howard, S., Hughes, B.M., D.W., Johnston, Hay, J.L., O'Connor, D.B., Lewis, C.A., Ferguson, E., Sheehy, N.P., Grealy, M., & O'Carroll, R.E. (2008). Type-D personality mechanisms of effect: The role of health-related behavior and social support. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(1), 63-69.

  • Williams, L., O'Connor, R.C., Grubb, N.R., & O'Carroll, R.E. (2011). Type D personality and illness perceptions in myocardial infarction patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70(2), 141-144. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010. 07.015. Epub 2010 Oct 14. PMID: 21262416.

  • Wu, J.R., & Moser, D.K. Type D personality predicts poor medication adherence in patients with heart failure in the USA. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 21(5), 833-842. doi: 10.1007/s12529-013-9366-2. PMID: 24198039; PMCID: PMC4388325.


Abstract Views: 480

PDF Views: 0




  • Emotional Intelligence and Severity of Disease among Coronary Artery Disease Patients having Type D and Non-type D Personality

Abstract Views: 480  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Sheena Philips
Ph.D Scholar, Department of Psychology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Sushama Bhosale
Principal, Waghire College of Arts, Commerce & Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Abstract


Globally Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) has emerged as a major health concern. For more than half a century research interest in the contribution of personality to CAD has shown mixed results. People with Type D or Distressed personality exhibit uncomfortable emotions (Negative affectivity), and avoidance of social situations (Social inhibition) both of which adversely impact heart health. Emotional Intelligence includes understanding, managing, regulating, and using emotions. Relevant research shows that individuals with high Emotional Intelligence enjoy better physical, social and psychological health and experience lesser emotional distress as compared to those low on it. Further personality and emotion are known to impact the severity of the disease. The present study compares Type D and Non-Type D Personality CAD patients on Emotional intelligence and severity of disease. Sample consisted of N=176, (Type D=88, Non-Type-D=88) CAD patients, matched on age (30-65 years). The study utilized the DS-14 scale, EEA (Exploring Emotional Abilities), and preoperative LVEF (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Independent samples t-test, and Mann- Whitney test. A statistically significant difference was found among CAD patients having Type D personality on Self-Awareness, Motivation, Empathy, Social Skills, overall Emotional Intelligence and pre-procedure LVEF which was poorer when compared to Non-Type D counterparts.

Keywords


type D personality, CAD, emotional intelligence, severity of CAD

References