Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
Correlation between Physical Factors (Shoulder Strength, Lumbar Core Stability and Back Extensor Muscles) and Throwing Distance of Dominant Hand in Normal, Untrained Individuals
Subscribe/Renew Journal
Background: Ballistic action of throwing exerts eccentric load on the rotator cuff causing frequent micro trauma. Proper throwing mechanics and an appropriate training program, minimizes the stress on the glenohumeral joint maximizing performance. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of physical factors affecting effective and efficient throwing. This could help in both screening and further training the individual or directing more focus to the throwing technique.
Method: 80 subjects participated. Manual muscle testing was used to assess the shoulder muscles and back extensors while Modified isometric stability test was used for lumbar core muscles. Throw distance was measured in sitting to focus on the shoulder joint. Spearman's rank order correlation test was used for statistical data analysis.
Results: Infraspinatus, Pectoralis major, lumbar core and Back extensor muscles showed statistically significant values to throw distance measured. Supraspinatus, Subscapularis, Latissimus dorsi and Deltoid showed a positive correlation though not statistically significant.
Conclusion: All physical factors have a positive correlation to throw distance. Thus, training these can possibly improve a throw and help in injury prevention.
Keywords
Throwing, Strength, Shoulder, Lumbar core, Back extensors
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
User
Font Size
Information
- Bryan T.et al. The Manual Muscle Examination of Rotator Cuff Strength an Electromyographic Investigation. American Journal of Sports Medcine. 1996; 24(51996).
- Carolyn Richardson. Therapeutic Exercises for Lumbopelvic Stabilisation. 2nd ed.: Elsevier; 2004.
- Charles I. Dillman, Glenn S. Fleisig, James R.Andrews. Biomechanics of Pitching with emphasis upon Shoulder Kinematics. JOSPT. 1993 August; 18(Number 2).
- Chow J. Lower Trunk muscle activity during the tennis serve. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. ; 6(4, Pages 512 - 518).
- Clarkson HM. Musculoskeletal Assessment: Joint range of motion and Manual Muscle Strength. 2nd ed. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000.
- Clements A. Correlation between muscle strrength and throwing speed in adolescent baseball players. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2001; 2(3).
- Colby C. Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques. 5th ed. Philadelphia; 2007.
- Cuthbert SC, Goodheart GJ Jr. On the reliability and validity of manual muscle testing: a literature review. Chiropactor Osteopathy. 2007; 15 (1340 - 63).
- Derbyshire D. Physical Factors influencing the throwing action in netball and cricket players. SUNeTD:repository of electronic theses and dissertations. 2008 February.
- Fleisig GS, Escamilla RF, Barrentine SW. BIomechanics of pitching: Mechanism and Motion Analysis. In Andrews JR ZBWK. Injuries in Baseball. Philadelphia: Lippincott - Raven; 1998. p. 3 - 22.
- Florence Peterson Kendall,et al. Muscles Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
- Ian Byram, MD,et al. Preseason Shoulder Strength Measurements in Professional Baseball Pitchers: identifying players at risk for injuries.
- Jacek Cholewick. Relative contribution of trunk muscles to the stability of the lumbar spine during isometric exertions. Clinical Biomechanics. 2002 February; 17(2 pages 99 - 105).
- James H. Braatz. The Mechanics of Pitching. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1987 August.
- Kronberg. Muscle Activity and Co-ordination in the Normal Shoulder: An Electromyographic Study. Current Orthopaedic Practise: A Review and Research Journal. 1990 August; 257.
- Lyndon R. Bartlett. Measurement of upper extremity torque production and its relationship to throwing speed in the competitive athlete. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989 January; 17(189 - 191).
- Malanga GA. EMG Analysis of Shoulder positioning in testing and strengthening the Supraspinatus. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28(661 - 664).
- Marshall Hagins. Effects of practise on the ability to perform Lumbar Stabilisation Exercises. JOSPT. 1999; 29(9 page no. 546 - 555).
- Masaya Hirashima. Sequential muscle activity and its functional role in the upper extremity and trunk during overarm throwing. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2002 april; 20(4 pages 301 - 310).
- Pamela K. Levangie. Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis. 4th ed. Philadelphia: F.A Davies; 2005
- R W Bohannon. Manual Muscle Testing: does it meet the standards of an adequate screening test? Clinical Rehabilitation. 2005; 19(662 - 667).
- Robert A. Donnatelli PhD PO. Physical Therapy of the Shoulder. 3rd ed. USA: Churchill Livingstone; 1997.
- S. Brent Brotzman. Clinical Orthopaedic Rehabilitation. 2nd ed.: Mosby; 2003.
- Saeterbakken. Effect of Core Stability Training on Throwing Velocity in Female Handball Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010; 24.
- Shane T. Seroyer. The Kinetic Chain in Overhand Pitching: Its potential role foe performance enhancement and injury prevention. Sports Health: A Multidiciplinary Approach. 2010 March; 2(2 pages. 135 - 146.).
- W. Ben Kibler. The Role of Core Stability in Athletic Function. Sports Medicine. 2006; 36(3 pages. 189 - 198).
- Wilk KE. Current concepts in the Rehabilitation of the Overhead Throwing Athlete. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002; 30(1 pages. 136 – 151)
- Willardson JM. Core Stability Trainig: Appilications to Sports Conditioning Programs. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007; 21(3 page no. 979 - 985).
- Young JL. The influence of the Spine on the Shoulder in the Throwing Athlete. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 1996 August; 7(1).
Abstract Views: 458
PDF Views: 0