Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Khanna, Pradeep
- People, Panchayat and forests
Abstract Views :254 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Source
Indian Forester, Vol 127, No 12 (2001), Pagination: 1326-1332Abstract
The paper attempts to view the needs for addressing the concern arising out The Constitution Amendment (73rd) 1992 with reference to the strength and weaknesses of the present day Panchayats as little republics. It highlights the need of a truly democratic structure that has foresight and does not only work for short term gains and can appreciate the cause of sustainability. Need of a enlightened Gram Sabha for achieving the objectives of the constitutional provisions have been highlighted.
- Influence of Eucalyptus Shelterbelt on Fodder Crop (Sorghum vulgare)
Abstract Views :164 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Source
Indian Forester, Vol 122, No 7 (1996), Pagination: 654-664Abstract
In Northern India, use of Eucalyptus as windbreak/shelterbelt is well accepted but questions concerning the economic impact on crop production system requires through investigations. In this study, the influence of Eucalyptus trees on agriculture crop viz., Sorghum vulgare in terms of plant density, crop height and fodder yield were found negative in the vicinity of tree. Gross income from Eucalyptus trees for 100 m tree line estimated to Rs. 2144 for 61.35 trees in east-west and Rs. 2399.87 for 74.68 trees in north-south tree line. It was concluded that growing Eucalyptus on field boundaries under irrigated condition had very little impact on associated Sorghum crop and the crop losses due to tree line are well compensated by the income received out of sale of trees.- The Growth and Yield of Wheat and Paddy as Influenced by Dalberg1a sissoo Roxb. Boundary Plantation
Abstract Views :219 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Source
Indian Forester, Vol 122, No 12 (1996), Pagination: 1114-1126Abstract
Agroforestry studies using Dalbergia sissoo were conducted to assess the crop productivity under semi-arid conditions. Growth performance of D. sissoo trees intercropped with wheat and paddy showed mean height and gbh as 10.36 m and 53.45 cm, total timber 1.2554 m3 small timber 7.0899 m3 and fuel wood 77.45 q. The gross income from trees calculated as Rs. 24,056.00 for 33 trees pcr 55 m tree line. Crop yields and other crop parameters of wheat especially under tree canopy upto 4 m from tree line declined significantly. In case of paddy such influence was found upto 8m from tree row. The total affected area in the entire plot worked out to 220 m2 in wheat crop and 440 m2 in paddy crop showing a nct loss of 21.23 kg (Rs. 53.00) and 101.20 kg (Rs. 559.00), respectively. The losses to agriculture crops are wen compensated by the gross income Rs.2005/-per year obtained through sale of trees. The conclusions drawn from the studies indicate that D. sissoo trees though effect negatively the agriculture production in the vicinity of tree canopy but it proved viable proposition for practicing as a agroforestry tree species under irrigated conditions. The spacing between trees, pruning and manipulation of crown structure are crucial for minimising the tree losses and increasing the productivity per unit area.- Consumption Behaviour of Fuelwood in Gujarat
Abstract Views :212 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Source
Indian Forester, Vol 121, No 2 (1995), Pagination: 88-95Abstract
Several studies have been conducted to study the consumption behaviour of fuelwood in different- areas. Present study has been conducted for Gujarat to corroborate or contradict their findings. Trend of demand and supply have been studied. Factors responsible for quantity of firewood consumption viz. population, forest area and number of cattle in rural areas of have been studied with the help of regression analysis. Distance from forests i.e. easy availability of firewood have significant effect on per capita consumption of fuelwood. Cattle number in the areas having forests have much effect on per capita fuel consumption. Percent contribution of fuel wood is less in urban areas in comparison to rural areas due to use of alternative sources of energy. Development and publicity of alternative sources of energy is essential for the rural areas.- GATT - before it is too Late
Abstract Views :227 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Source
Indian Forester, Vol 121, No 3 (1995), Pagination: 169-175Abstract
GATT, the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff evolved during last few decades encompasses a set of agreements by majority of world nations for an orderly international trade thereby setting a new economic order in the world. TRIPS, the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights, TRIMS, the Trade Related Investment Measure Services, the Sui Generissystem and the UPOVi.e. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants have special significance for the forestry sector. It offers opportunities in making use of the biodiversity inherent in the tropical forests of the country. It has heen brought out that biodiversity holds key to development in future as it is no longer possible to mine the natural resources in perpetuity. Biodiversity offers opportunities in increasing production on a sustained basis to meet the demands of developing world in coming times. The fields ofbio-technology, energy from biological resources, bio-fertilizers and pesticides health care have been specifically -identified for research with international trade orientation as there is great demand in these fields for development. Skilled human resource so abundantly available in country is also identified for enhancing contribution in international trade and the economy of the country. The paper also lists number of steps needed to make good use of the opportunities available before it is lost. These steps include conservation of gene pool, impetus to research in identified fields, human resource development and marketing and strategic alliances.- Research Agenda for Joint Management
Abstract Views :191 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Source
Indian Forester, Vol 120, No 7 (1994), Pagination: 564-569Abstract
Joint Forest Management is being increasingy suggested as a solution to conservation problems of forests in India and developing countries. Philosophically the concept is ideal and needs to be supported without reservation. However, while implementing the programme in different Indian States, it has heen observed that the programme is unable to institutionalise due to number of problems. It is therefore, important to analyse the detail of programme and its viability in a shrinking resource base scenario. It is often seen that the JFM programme find. Success in support from non-forestry incentives. In this context, it is important to set up a clear research agenda to make the programme self sustainable and viable and to intitutionalise the same. The paper traces the history, analyses the bottlenecks and, in the process, attempts to set up research agenda for initiating a debate for arriving at a well based research programme to make JFM a success. The important research needs felt are to induce continuity of flow of benefits and enhance the level of benefits available to a level which could generate sustained enthusiasm and ensure viability of the programme on a long-term basis.- 7A Qualitative Approach for Improvement in Technical Education Using Total Quality Management (TQM) Concept
Abstract Views :262 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Takshshila Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jabalpur, M.P., IN
1 Takshshila Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jabalpur, M.P., IN
Source
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, Vol 1, No 2 (2012), Pagination: 175-178Abstract
Quality in Education can be defined as The development of intellectual skills and knowledge that will equip graduates to contribute to society through productive and satisfying engineering careers as innovators, decision makers and leaders in the global economy ( R. Natrajan, 1999)
Technical education in India is facing lot of challenges as the demand for qualified engineers is ever increasing due to fast growing information technology and its enabled services sector. Though a large number of engineers pass out every year but not all of them are employed ready. The causes for this may be many, but most of them are related to the faculty and type of education and training being provided by our technical institute.
These days most of the technical institutions are facing an acute shortage of faculty members. This is vastly due to a phenomenal growth of technical institutions in our country. Others reasons for this shortage may be lack of willingness of engineers to adapt teaching as career. It is proposed to model the system of technical education system, with a view to improve its attractiveness. For this purpose the technical education system will be divided into subsystems and their interactions will be modeled. A system dynamics approach is to be proposed to explain interactions between subsystems and the feedbacks with in the loops.
Keywords
Technical Education, Total Quality Managment.Full Text
- Development of Mathematical Models to Analyse and Predict Weld Bead Geometry and Shape Relationships in FCA Welding of C-45 Mild Steel
Abstract Views :379 |
PDF Views:4
Authors
Affiliations
1 Division of Manufacturing Processes and Automation Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, IN
1 Division of Manufacturing Processes and Automation Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 51, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 75-85Abstract
Welding plays an extremely important role in fabrication industry because of its adaptability to automation, relative simplicity, strong and reliable joints and ability to weld a large variety of materials making it widely acceptable in construction, transport, automotive and pressure vessel industry. A wide variety of arc welding processes are available to cater to the needs of ever increasing industrial demands. GMAW is one such arc welding process which has proved its significance in industry owing to its versatility and quality of joints. The physical dimensions and shape of a weld joint not only decides its mechanical strength but also affects its performance during service. Sufficient knowledge of various bead parameters such as penetration, reinforcement, width, etc. becomes imperative along with their dependence on various welding parameters constituting voltage, feed rate of wire and speed of welding. In the present research work, an attempt was made to form a mathematical model for bead geometry prediction at given values of weld input parameters. Statistical techniques have been applied for the present investigation work.
Keywords
ANOVA, Design of Experiments, Wire Feed Rate, Weld Dilution, GMAW Welding.References
- Ghogale MM and Patil SA (2013); Optimisation of process parameters of MIG welding to improve quality of weld by using Taguchi methodology, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2(12), pp.36773685.
- Welding Handbook (1978); American Welding Society, 2(2).
- Ghosh A and Hloch S (2013); Prediction and optimization of yield parameters for submerged arc welding process, Technical Gazette, 2(20), pp.213-216.
- Mishra D, Manjunath A and Parthiban K (2017); Interpulse TIG welding of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), Indian Welding Journal, 50(4), pp.56-71.
- Irfan S and Achwal V (2014); An experimental study on the effect of MIG welding parameters on the weldability of galvanized steel, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 5(1), pp.146-152.
- Gupta VK and Parmar RS (1986); Fractional factorial technique to predict dimensions of the weld bead in automatic submerged arc welding, Journal of Institution of Engineers (India), Mechanical Engineering Division, 70, pp.67-71.
- Davies OL (1978); The Design and Analysis of Industrial Experiments, Second edition Longman Press, New York.
- Murugan N and Gunaraj V (2005); Prediction and control of weld bead geometry and shape relationships in submerged arc welding of pipes, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 168(3), pp. 478-487.
- Kamble AG and Rao RV (2013); Experimental investigation on the impacts of process parameters of GMAW and transient thermal analysis of AISI321 steel, Advances in Manufacturing, 1(4), pp.362-377.
- Kannan T (2009); Effect of process parameters on clad bead geometry and its shape relationships of stainless steel claddings deposited by GMAW, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 47(9-12), pp.1083-1095.
- Development of a Mathematical Model for Predicting Angular Distortion in Butt Welded Stainless Steel 409M Plates in GMAW Process
Abstract Views :274 |
PDF Views:6
Authors
Affiliations
1 MPA Engineering Division, NSUT, New Delhi, IN
1 MPA Engineering Division, NSUT, New Delhi, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 53, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 57-66Abstract
Angular distortion is almost inevitable in fusion welding processes as it involves localized heating and cooling of materials. Keeping the weld distortion to its minimum is the endeavor of every weld engineer as excessive distortion can not only spoil the physical appearance but also can cause mismatch of joint in fabricated structures. In the present investigative work, an attempt was made to predict the influence of input weld parameters like wire feed rate, voltage, speed of welding and the angle of groove on angular distortion, by developing a mathematical model. This was accomplished by developing a mathematical equation which included the direct, quadratic and interaction effects of input weld parameters and could be used to predict the effects of these parameters on the resulting angular distortion. The experimentation was carried out in a structured manner by using Central Composite Face Centered Design (CCFD) technique. All the selected welding parameters were taken at three levels to accommodate the curvature effect. The final model was developed by using regression analysis and its adequacy was tested by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to graphically plot direct and interaction effects of weld parameters on angular distortion. The validity of the developed model was checked by conducting test runs at different values of input parameters. The comparison of actual and predicted results indicated good conformance.Keywords
Angular Distortion, Fusion Welding, Weld Parameters, Mathematical Model, Regression Analysis.References
- Seong WJ (2019); Prediction and Characteristics of Angular Distortion in Multi-Layer Butt Welding, Journal of Materials, 12, pp.1-19.
- Kozak J and Kowaslski J (2015); Problems of Determination of Welding Angular Distortions of T-Fillet Joints in Ship Hull Structures, Polish Maritime Research, 22, pp.79-85.
- Arifin A, Gunawan, Mataram A, Yani I, Pratiwi DK, Yanis M and Sani KA (2019); Optimization of Angular Distortion on Weld Joints Using Taguchi Approach, Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 31(1), pp.19-23.
- Duhan S, Mor A and Malik D (2015); A Review of Angular Distortion and Its Prevention Techniques, International Journal of Recent Research Aspects, pp.135-137.
- Kumar A (2011); Effect of Various Parameters on Angular Distortion in Welding, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, pp.132-136.
- Yukler A I, Kurtulmus M and Dogan E (2018); Angular Distortion in Butt Arc Welding, International Journal of Engineering Science and Application, 2(4), pp.137-144.
- Murugan Vel V and Gunaraj V (2005); Effect of Process Parameters on Angular Distortion of Gas Metal Arc Welded Structural Steel Plates, Welding Journal Supplement, 84, pp. 165s-171s.
- Arya SK (1985); Development of mathematical models for angular distortion in butt welds, M.Tech Thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT, Delhi, India.
- Arya SK and Parmar RS (1986); Mathematical models for predicting angular distortion in CO shielded flux 2 cored arc welding, Proceedings of the International Conference on Joining of Metals (JOM–3), Denmark, pp. 240–245.
- Mochizuki M and Okano S (2018); Effect of Welding Process Conditions on Angular Distortion Induced by Bead-on-plate Welding. ISIJ International, 58(1), pp.153-158.
- Murugan N and Gunaraj V (2005); Prediction and control of weld bead geometry and shape relationships in submerged arc welding of pipes, Journal of Material Processing Technology, 168, pp.478-484.
- Murugan M (1993); Some Studies on Metal Surfacing, Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi, India.
- Mostafa NB (1992); Flux cored arc welding of high strength low alloy steel, Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi, India.
- El-Gendy N, Madian HR and Abu ASS (2013); Design and optimization of a process for sugarcane molasses fermentation by saccharomyces cerevisiae using response surface methodology, International Journal of Microbiology.
- Akhnazarova S and Kafarov V (1982); Experiment Optimization in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mir Publishers, Moscow.
- Khuri AI and Cornell JA (1987); Response Surfaces– Design and Analysis, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
- Cochran WG and Cox GM (1963); Experimental Designs, Asia Publishing House, New Delhi.
- Hill HE and Prane JW (1984); Applied Techniques in Statistics for Selected Industries, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Davies OL (1978); The Design and Analysis of Industrial Experiments, Longman Group Limited, New York.
- Adler YP, Markov EV and Granovsky YV (1975); The Design of Experiments to Find Optimal Conditions”. MIR Publishing, Moscow.
- Box GEP, Hunter WG and Hunter JS (1978); Statistics for Experimenters, An Introduction to Design, Data Analysis, and Model Building, John Wiley & Sons New York.
- Investigation of Heat Flow during MIG Welding of Stainless Steel 409M Plates and Prediction of Bead Parameters
Abstract Views :226 |
PDF Views:4
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSUT, New Delhi, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSUT, New Delhi, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 53, No 4 (2020), Pagination: 42-50Abstract
Nearly 90% of welding in the world is carried out by one or the other arc welding process, therefore it is imperative to discuss the aspect of heat flow and temperature distribution in arc welding.The knowledge of temperature distribution in plates during and after welding is necessary for predicting microstructure, calculating bead parameters, distortions and residual stresses. Thus, to achieve a weld of desired quality to perform in service satisfactorily, it is essential to know the temperature distribution during welding. In the present case, an arrangement of thermocouples was developed with microprocessor based electronic control which was successfully used to plot real time temperature graphs (thermal histories) during welding of plates at different input parameters. From these temperature plots, isotherms for different weldments were generated which were found helpful in determining the cooling rates. These weld isotherms were then used to estimate temperature at different points. These results were then compared with their estimated values calculated from empirical relations and were found to be in coherence with the experimental values within reasonable limits. The peak temperature values obtained from the thermal histories were used to approximately estimate the critical weld bead dimensions like penetration and weld width with the help of empirical relations and when compared with actual values, were found to be in good conformance.Keywords
Arc Welding, Temperature Distribution, Thermocouples, Temperature Graphs, Bead Parameters.References
- Negi V, Chattopadhyaya S (2013); Critical assessment of temperature distribution in submerged arc welding process, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, pp. 1-9.
- Arora H, Singh R, Brar GS (2019); Thermal and structural modelling of arc welding processes: a literature review, Journal of Measurement and Control, 52(7-8), pp. 955-969.
- Boob AN, Gattani GK (2013); Study on effect of manual metal arc welding process parameters on width of heat affected zone (HAZ) for sae 1005 steel, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, 3(3), pp. 1493-1500.
- Parmar RS (2010); Welding Engineering and Technology, 2nd edition, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.
- Das R, Bhattacharjee K S and Rao S (2012); Welding heat transfer analysis using element free Galerkin method, Advanced Materials Research, 410, pp. 298-301.
- Rosenthal D (1946); The theory of moving heat sources and its applications in metal treatments, Transactions of the ASME, 68, pp. 849-865.
- Goldak JA (1997); Thermal stress analysis in solids near the liquid region in the welds: mathematical modelling of the weld phenomena, The Institute of Materials, pp. 543-570.
- Gery D, Long H, Maropoulos PG (2015); Effect of welding speed, energy input and heat source distribution on temperature variations in butt joint welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 167, pp. 393-401.
- Pavelic V (1969); Experimental and computed temperature histories in gas tungsten arc welding of thin plates, Welding Journal, Research Supplement, 48, pp. 295s-305s.
- Little GH, Kamtekar A G (1998); The effect of thermal properties and weld efficiency on transient temperatures in welding, Computers and Structures, 68, pp. 157-165.
- Zhu XK, Chao YJ (2012); Effects of temperature dependent material properties on welding simulation, Computers and Structures, 80 pp. 967-976.
- Dutta J, Narendranath S (2014); Experimental and analytical investigation of thermal parameters developed in high carbon steel joints formed by GTA welding, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 44 (2), pp. 88-86.
- Poorhaydari K, Patchett BM, Ivey DG (2016); Estimation of cooling rates in the welding of plates with intermediate thickness, Welding Journal, Research Supplement, pp. 148s-155s.
- Wells A (1952); Heat flow in welding, Welding Journal, Research Supplement, 31(5), pp. 263s -267s.
- Gupta BD, Gupta OP (1978); Temperature distribution in fillet welds, J of the Institution of Engineers (India), 59(2), pp. 87-92.
- Sterenbogen AY (1964); Weld pool solidification, E. O. Paton Welding Institute, Avt. Svarka, Ukraine, 10, pp. 20-25.
- Rosenthal D (1941); Mathematical theory of heat distribution during welding and cutting, Welding Journal, Research Supplement, pp. 220s-234s.
- Ismail MIS, Afieq W M (2016); Thermal analysis on a weld joint of aluminium alloy in gas metal arc welding, Advances in Production Engineering and Management, 11(1), pp. 29-37.
- Christensen N, Davies V, Gjermundsen K (1965); Distribution of temperature in arc welding, British Welding Journal, 12(2), pp. 54-75.
- Jindal Stainless Products data-sheets for different grades, 2016.
- Salem Stainless, User's Guide, 2012.
- Lancaster JF (1980); Metallurgy of Welding, 3rd edition, George Allen and Unwin, London.
- www.tempsens.com accessed on 26.08.2020.
- Metallurgical and Microhardness Investigations of Ferritic Stainless Steel 409M Welds
Abstract Views :211 |
PDF Views:4
Authors
Affiliations
1 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSUT, New Delhi, IN
1 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSUT, New Delhi, IN
Source
Indian Welding Journal, Vol 55, No 2 (2022), Pagination: 63-75Abstract
Ferritic stainless steel 409M was MIG welded with austenitic stainless-steel wire 308L using commercially pure Argon as the shielding gas. Experiments planned were conducted using an automated welding unit for study of different aspects of the welds. One of the important aspects investigated viz. microstructural analysis in conjunction with microhardness survey is presented in this paper. Weld characteristics studied were presented on WRC-1992 diagram and Balmforth's diagram to give insight into the composition of the welds being investigated. Extensive microhardness survey covering all the three weld zones viz. weld bead, heat affected zone and base metal are presented that helped in analyzing microstructural studies carried out on the same samples. The photomicrographs and the microhardness analysis have revealed finer ferrite and martensite on the base metal side. Higher values of Cr /Ni and eq eq martensite start temperature along with less SFE (Staking fault energy) values resulted in the formation of increased amount of lath martensite in the fusion zone. Some typical photomicrographs and the related microhardness survey graphs are included in this paper for visual representation of the results.Keywords
Stainless Steel, Metallurgical Studies, Microhardness Survey, Weld Zones, Lath Martensite.References
- Reddy GM and Meshran SD (2006); Grain refinement in ferritic stainless weld through magnetic and oscillations and its effects on tensile properties. Indian Welding Journal, 39 (3), pp.35-41.
- Reddy GM and Mohandas T (2001); Explorative studies on grain refinement of ferritic stainless-steel welds. Journal of Material Science, 20 (8), pp.722-723.
- Amuda MOH and Mridha S (2011); An overview of sensitization dynamics in ferritic stainless-steel welds.
- International Journal of Corrosion, pp.1-9.
- Mathews LM, Griesel B and Longman PT (1999) Sensitization in low carbon 12% chromium containing stainless steel. Proceedings 14th International Corrosion Congress, Cape Town, South Africa, pp.332-340.
- Nishimura R (1992); Stress corrosion cracking of type 430 ferritic stainless steel in chloride and sulphate solutions. Journal of Corrosion, 48 (11), pp.882-890.
- Warmelo MNV (2007); Susceptibility of 12% Cr steel to sensitization during welding of thick gauge plate. M.S Thesis, University of Wollongong, Australia.
- Marshal AW and Famar JCM (2000); Welding of ferritic and martensitic 11-14% Cr steels. International Institute of Welding document, IXH-494-200, pp.1-39.
- Lippold JC and Kotecki DJ (2005); Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey.
- Lippold JC (2015) Welding metallurgy and weldability. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey.
- Sampath PS, Manimaran V and Gopinath A (2015) Wear and corrosion studies on ferritic stainless steel (SS409M). International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 4 (4), pp.502-511.
- Mukherjee M and Pal TK (2012); Influence of mode of metal transfer on microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded modified ferritic stainless steel. Metals and Materials Transactions, 43 (6), pp.1791-1808.
- Taban E, Deleu E and Dhooge A (2008); Submerged arc welding of thick ferritic martensitic 12 Cr stainless steel with a variety of consumables. Journal of Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13 (4), pp.327-334.
- Shanmugam K, Laxminarayanan AK and Balasubramaniun B (2000). Tensile and impact properties of shielded metal arc welded AISI 409M ferritc stainless steel joints. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 25 (2), pp.181-186.
- Mukherjee M, Saha J and Kanjilal P (2015); Influence of gas mixtures in GMAW of modified 409M ferritic stainless steel. Supplement Welding Journal, 94, pp.101s-114s.
- Kotecki DJ and Siewart TA (1992); WRC-1992 Constitution diagram for stainless steel weld metals: a modification of WRC-1988 diagram. Welding Journal, 71 (5), pp.171s-178s.
- Kotecki DJ (1999); A martensite boundary on the WRC1992 diagram. Welding Research Supplement, pp.180s192s.
- Balmforth MC and Lippold JC (2000); A new ferriticmartensitic stainless-steel constitution diagram. Welding Journal supplement, 79 (12), pp.339s – 345s.
- Allain S, Chateau JP and Bouaziz O (2004); Correlations between the calculated staking fault energy and the plasticity mechanisms in Fe-Mn-C alloys. Journal of Material Science and Engineering, 158, pp.387-389.
- Rhodes C G and Thompson AW (1977); The composition dependence of staking fault energy in austenitic stainless steels. Metals and Materials Transactions, 8 (12), pp.1901-1906.
- Tavares SSM and Pardal JM (2014); Martensitic transformation induced by cold deformation of lean duplex stainless steel. Journal of Materials Research, 17(2), pp.381-385.
- David SA, Vitek JM and Hebble TL (1987); Effect of rapid solidification on stainless steel weld metal microstructures and its implications on the Schaeffler Diagram. Supplement Welding Journal, 66, pp.289s-300s.
- Kurt HI and Samur R (2013); Study on microstructure,tensile strength and hardness of stainless steel 316 joined by TIG welding. International Journal of Advancements in Engineering Science and Technology, 3 (1), pp.1-6.
- Khanna P and Maheshwari S (2017); Microhardness analysis in MIG welding of stainless steel 409M. Journal of Production Engineering, 20 (1), pp.93 - 96.