K. Singh , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

Performance of Pongamia pinnata was evaluated under pot culture conditions at artificially created varying salinity (ECe) levels of 0.7, 4.2, 8.1, 16.3 and 32.5 dS m^-1 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels of 1.1,15.2,30.6,61.4 and 88.7 in an alluvial silty clay loam soil (Fine-loamy mixed hyperthermic Typic Ustochrept) by addition of different salts. Pongamia pinnata failed to grow at a level of ECe 32.5 dS m^-1 and ESP at and above 30.6. Height, girth, fresh weight and dry weight of upischolar_mained plants at the time of termination of experiment were found to have decreased with increase in ECe or ESP. Uptake of Na⁺ by plants increased progressively with increase in ECe or ESP levels, while the uptake of Ca⁺⁺ decreased and Mg⁺ and K⁺ did not exhibit any definite relationship with increase in salinity or sodicity conditions. The values ofNaIK, Na/Ca and Na/Mg ratios in plants increased with increase in Ece or ESP. Relatively lower uptake of Ca⁺⁺ due to high concentration of exchangeable Na⁺ appeared to increase the adverse effect of sodium on plant growth in saline and sodic soils.

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K. Singh , J. S. P. Yadav , S. K. Sharma

Abstract

Performance of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) was studied in salt affected soils of Vrijbhumi Forest Division (U.P.) to evaluate its tolerance limit to varying salinity and sodicity conditions. Shisham of site quality class III to IV was found to occur in normal loamy soils (Fluventic and Aquic ustochrepts), whereas poor growth of quality class V was found in moderately saline soils (Loamy Typic Camborthids and Aeric Halaquepts) having values of ECe below 18.5 dS m^-1 and pH below 8 8 in the ischolar_main zone and quality class VI in sodic soils (Loamy Natric Paleorthids) having values of ESP above 30 and pH above 9.0. Higher concentration of neutral salts in top 12 or 17 cm soil did not adversely affect the growth of plants.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The paper describes the extent and distribution of the salt affected soils in different parts of India. From the management point of view these soils have been grouped into 2 categories (i) Saline soils, (ii) Alkali soils, and their distingushing characteristics have been explained. The work done on the relative tolerance of important forest species for soil salinity and alkali conditions in India as well as in other countries his been briefly summarised, which shows wide differences in the tolerance of the different species. A detailed account has been given or the planting techniques used for raising forest trees on the salt affected soils in India and other counries. It has been shown that the success of the plantations and the improvement in the soil depend to a great extent on the kind of planting techniques and soil working methods followed. Comprehensive details of the various trial. Undertaken on tree plantations in the salt affected soils in different parts of India and other countries have been discussed, which show scope of successful afforestation in certain situations. The systematic data collected through well planned experiments conducted at C.S.I.R.I., Karnal on a calcareous sodic soil canvincingly reveal that species like Prosopis Juliflora, Eucalyptus Hybrid. And Acacia Nilotica can be grown successfully by treating the soil of the planting pit with gypsum and F.Y.M. alongwith application of a small dose of nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizer. This soil treatment has been found to yield as good results as in the case of replacement of the alkali soil with a normal soil. The various ameliorative effects caused by tree growth on the salt affected soils have been elucidated. The work done recently under pot culture condition. At CSSRI, Karnal with saline water irrigation has shown more adverse effect of salioe water irrigation on Albizzia letbbek than on Eucalyptus hybrid the addition of gypsum, S.Y.M. aad fertilizers appears to minimise the detrimental effects depending upon the composition of saline irrigation water. In view of the limited avaliable data in India a need for intensifying systematic research on critical evaluation of soil Working techniques and identification of suitable tree species for afforestation on the salt affected soils has been suggested.

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S. K. Seth , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

No abstract

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S. K. Seth , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

An apparatus designed for a field-cum-laboratory method, wherein undisturbed soil columns taken in the field can be used for determining soil permeability in the laboratory, has been described in detail. Permeability data for soils of the Demonstration Area at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun have been reported. The method has proved to be simple, accurate and easily workable, and is recommended for adoption with advantage in studies of hydraulic conductivity, particularly of forest soils.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

No abstract

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S. K. Seth , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

No abstract

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M. A. Waheed Khan , J. S. P. Yadav , A. C. Gupta

Abstract

Fir (Abies pindrow) and spruce (Picea morinda) forests at Deoban suffered abnormal mortality, following the heavy fellings done during 1941 to 1950. The cause of this mortality has been assessed from various angles and it has been concluded that as fir and spruce preferentially require a cool and moist habitat and though can withstand a tolerable amount of shade in early stages are still susceptible to permanent stagnation. Sudden exposure by way of inordinately heavy fellings of a long over-stocked forest may cause death of trees with indiscrimination. The physical and biological balances being upset, the adverse effects are all the more pronounced due to superficial, non-massive ischolar_main systems of these species, and the abnormal reduction in crown length, either due to continued overcongestion or the deterioration set in by sudden excessive exposure. In the Indian forestry literature, this is the first record of mortality caused due to upsetting the physical and biological balances through heavy fellings.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

With a view to studying the effect of draining on the moisture relations of a heavy day soil, an investigation was carried out in a forest area over Oxford clay in the region of Waterperry, England. The tensiometers, nylon resistance units and tension apparatus prepared by the author for use in this investigation have been described in detail with illustrations. The readings of tensiometers and nylon resistance units at different depths in the drained and undrained soils subjected to wetting and drying cycles, suggested that at a given tension the drained soil with better structure is associated with a higher level of available moisture as compared to the undrained soil with poorer structure.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

An investigation into certain chemical properties of a heavy clay soil and tree nutrition under both intensively and poorly drained conditions has been described. The results indicate that draining has caused slight decrease in p^H, total nitrogen and organic matter content, especially in the top soil. On the other hand, the studies on nitrogen mobilization, in which the use was made of a specially designed simple technique, revealed a far greater production of available nitrogen in the drained soil evidently due to better aeration and microbial activity. The foliar analyses of the trees growing on the drained and undrained plots suggest that draining has been accompanied by an increased uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, particularly of the former.

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S. K. Seth , J. S. P. Yadav , M. A. Waheed Khan

Abstract

No abstract

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M. A. Waheed Khan , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

Owing to the rapid spread and immense loss of State revenue, the spike disease of sandal has received considerable attention in recent years. The various conflicting views of the different workers about the cause of this disease and the remedial measures adopted 80 far to control it have been summarised in brief. Inspite of much work done on the subject the problem still remains baffling in the country. It has been shown that our present knowledge of soils in relation to the occurrence of this disease is extremely meagre. An investigation was, therefore, undertaken in Salem North division of Madras State to examine the soils having a bearing on this problem. The analytical data of 16 soil profiles representing both healthy and spiked sandal trees have been reported and discussed in detail. In general, the soils are coarse in texture, neutral in reaction and somewhat low in the nutrient status. A critical comparison of the data showing the two types of health condition, however, reveal a positive correlation of the soil properties with the incidence of the malady. Majority of the soils under spiked condition are calcareous and contain lower quantities of available nutrients especially phosphorus, whereas those carrying healthy growth are all non-calcareous and have relatively higher nutrient availability. The results obtained suggest a wide scope for future research to draw conclusions of greater practical value.

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M. A. Waheed Khan , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

In view of the vast areas under forests, which constitute most vital asset of the country, it is essential to have a systematised knowledge of their soils through surveys. The data thus obtained will be of immense value in proper forest management, in land-use planning and in maximum production on a sustained basis. It bas been shown that on account of significant differences in the soil requirements the techniques of soil survey and classification for forestry purposes differ in many respects from those usually adopted for agriculture. Three broad types of soil surveys, namely, (1) Reconnaissance, (2) Detailed reconnaissance and (3) Detailed, have been mentioned. The techniques and procedure of soil survey to be used for forest areas have been described in detail. The prominent systems of soil classification in vogue have been elucidated. A brief account has been given of the methods of soil surveys being followed in some European countries and of the more important developments that have taken place in soil survey and classification, particularly of agricultural lands in India. Since our present knowledge about forest soils is very poor, it is suggested that concerted efforts should be made in this aspect of soil research. It is hoped that with the establishment of several regional research centres and State laboratories and with the strengthening of technical staff at Forest Research Institute, a good headway will be made in this direction and some tangible results of practical value will be achieved.

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J. S. P. Yadav , H. M. Mathur

Abstract

Pot experiments using soil-sand medium and water culture solution were conducted in the laboratory to determine the range of pH tolerated by sal seedlings for their growth. The results obtained in the soil-sand medium indicated that sal seedlings grow freely and luxuriantly in the range of pH 5.6-7.8 and fail to survive beyond this range. However, owing to the large quantities of acid and alkali needed to accomplish the extreme pH values in the soil medium, on the acidic and alkaline side, it is not safe to define exactly the critical pH values unless confirmed by further experiments. It is suggested that while assessing the precise role of pH values in governing the growth and distribution of sal in the field a great consideration should also be given to other soil factors like cation exchange capacity, cationic equilibrium, organic matter content, available nutrients, moisture regime, texture, etc. In water culture experiment, the profuse development of white slimy growth on the ischolar_main system resulted in the early death of sal seedlings in spite of treating the ischolar_mains with copper sulphate solution and providing adequate aeration throughout. It is, therefore, concluded that sal seedlings are particularly susceptible to slimy growth under excessive water accumulation, as in the case during peak rainy season (Aug. & Sept.), and this extraneous growth is primarily responsible for destroying ischolar_main hairs and thus causing the death of plants. Carbon dioxide accumulation in soil water is only the secondary cause in the process of such mortality.

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S. K. Seth , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The data on geology and soil of teak forests representing natural as well as artificial conditions with special reference to India, Pakistan, Burma and Indonesia have been described in detail. The optimum conditions of soil, elevation, topography, moisture, etc., required for the normal teak growth have been indicated. The feasibility of relationship between the different geological formations and the composition and distribution of teak forests has been elucidated. The requirement of teak for soil pH and lime has been critically examined. The nature and extent of soil deterioration consequent on clear-felling a natural forest and planting the same with teak have been discussed.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The paper deals with the study of 9 typical soil profiles examined under different forest crops occurring in Himalayas of Chakrata Forest Division of Uttar Pradesh. The climate and vegetation have been described and correlated with site features and morphological characteristics together with analytical data on important physical and chemical properties of the soil profiles. The data reveal that the soils are the product of long continued leaching under moist temperate climate and show fairly strong differentiation into A and B horizons. They are, in general, moderately deep, acidic in reaction, somewhat heavy in texture, non-calcareous in nature and have high content of organic matter, nitrogen, manganese and exchangeable calcium at the top. They are characterised by high water holding capacity, moderate to high nutrient retaining power and thin Aoo and Ao layers.

As a result of local site features the soils of different forest communities show wide variation in many characters and profile development. The soils occupied by silver fir, spruce and kharsu oak at higher altitudes exhibit greater degree of podsolisation as compared to those dominated by ban oak (Q. incana) and moru oak (Q. dilatata) at lower elevations. The former soils are designated as weak podsolic, whereas the latter belong primarily to the brown forest soil group. The soils of conifers have comparatively lower pH but higher amount of organic matter and nitrogen at the top and greater dispersion of manganese in the profile than those under oaks, especially ban and moru oaks. Apart from heavy texture, accumulation of organic matter, high amount of manganese and restricted nutrient availability, excessive grazing is largely responsible for deficient natural regeneration of the species, in particular of conifers.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The importance of bamboo as raw material for numerous domestic and industrial purposes and also as a desirable ecological association in the forests together with its role in controlling soil erosion has been indicated. The general distribution of several bamboos has been described in brief and an account has been given of the geological, soil and moisture conditions preferred by various species. The data on site features, morphological characteristics and physical and chemical analyses of eleven widely distributed soil profiles examined under Bambusa arundinacea and Dendrocalamus strictus have been presented and discussed in detail. It has been shown that the soils carrying Bambusa arudinacea are finer in texture, more acidic in reaction, more retentive of moisture, richer in nitrogen, organic matter, iron, aluminium, exchangeable magnesium and available potassium than those dominated by Dendrocalamus strictus. The soils of both species are low in total as well as available phosphorus. Any factor which influences soil moisture appears to be more important in causing dominance of one bamboo to the exclusion of the other. The effect of soil properties on the pattern of flowering has been elucidated. On the basis of available information the general site and soil features of different species have been worked out and tabulated. In conclusion, many items of future research have been suggested.

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J. S. P. Yadav , B. G. Dabral , Premnath

Abstract

The paper deals with soil moisture studies made in a bamboo and a grass plot in the Demonstration Area of F.R.I., Dehra Dun. The results revealed that: 1. Soil moisture content generally remained at a higher level under bamboo than under grass, though it was not always the rule. 2. Total soil moisture depletion and accretion values were recorded greater under grass, but the soil moisture balance showed higher negative values under the bamboo cover. 3. Soil moisture depletion decreased with depth excepting 2-3 feet zone where it was less than 3-4 feet layer. Almost similar was the case with accretion values. 4. At no depth soil moisture content exceeded its water holding capacity.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

An investigation was undertaken to examine the trace-element content of a heavy clay soil under the conditions of poor and free drainage. Spectrographic methods were employed for the determination of trace elements. The results revealed that the drainage status had very little influence on the total content, but poor drainage caused an appreciable increase in the amount of 'available' fraction of most minor elementas of all the elements studied, the highest percentage of availability due to poor drainage was noticed in the case of Cu, Co, Ni, and Pb. The data also suggest that only a small fraction of the total content is available at a particular time and there is no direct relationship between the total and 'available' forms.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav , B. K. Subba Rao , B. G. Dabral

Abstract

Soil and water constitute by far the two most valuable natural resources and need to be protected from every loss. The various factors like inadequate vegetative cover, indiscriminate deforestation, excessive grazing, faulty cultivation, unsound agronomical practices, burning, defective land use, and neglect of soil conservation in the catchment areas of many rivers cause severe floods and run-off which result in tremendous damage. Excessive run-off whether it results in floods or not is by itself a wasteful phenomenon involving loss of both soil and utilisable water yield. The water balance of a watershed involving the various losses and gains has been explained. The importance of infiltration, percolation and storage capacity of the soil in governing the surface flow, sub-surface flow and base flow of precipitation has been dealt with. An account has been given of the effect of various soil characteristics on infiltration, percolation and storage capacity as well as water movement and hydrology of a given area. The harmful effects of burning, grazing and other faulty practices on the soil properties and hydrological conditions of a tract have been described. Important features of some common soil groups found in India having a bearing on their moisture relations have been mentioned. The value of soil moisture studies in understanding the water balance and in deciding suitable management practices to prevent floods and run-off has been emphasized. The effect of different vegetative covers on the soil properties, water movement and storage, interception, evapotranspiration, water yield, intensity of run-off and floods and such other aspects which are fundamental to the hydrological cycle of watersheds has been elucidated. The importance of the quality of water yield has been emphasized and has been correlated with the vegetative cover and with soil conditions. The beneficial role of the maintenance of a suitable vegetative cover in the control and prevention of floods has been examined. The protective and ameliorative functions of forests on steep slopes and undulating lands which are highly susceptible to quick run-off and easy soil wash have been emphasized. It has been stated that there is scarcity of scientific data on many such aspects in India. In view of the magnitude and complexity of the problem of run-off and floods the urgent necessity for a correct assessment of the exact requirements of each watershed in the light of varying climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions has been stressed so as to evolve most suitable management practices. An integrated approach to the study of hydro-meteorological elements with the cooperation of different research and administrative organisations in the country has been proposed.

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D. K. Deshmukh , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The problem of anticipated shortage in the future supply of raw material for the National News Print Ltd. Nepanagar (Madhya Pradesh) has been discussed. The causes of past failures in raising plantations have been analysed and the urgent necessity for planting appropriate fast growing species to meet the demand of the Mill has been elucidated. A brief account has been given of the locality factors including climate and soil characteristics together with general moisture regime calculated for the area. A tentative classification of soils found in the tract has been presented and proper selection of sites and species fOr ensuring success has been explained. The various soil working methods, planting techniques and moisture conservtaion practices suitable for the locality have been described. Certain items of future research to achieve these objectives have also been suggested.

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B. G. Dabral , J. S. P. Yadav , D. R. Sharma

Abstract

Soil moisture studies made in the sal, teak and chir-pine plantations indicated that the total soil moisture accretion values for 0-4 feet soil depth were nearly the same for teak and sal, the depletion values being slightly lower under teak than under sal. Chir recorded lower accretion and depletion rates as compared to the other two species. Soil nl0isture accretion and depletion rates varied for each foot depth of the soil mass and showed a close relation between themselves, thereby indicating that the available soil moisture is an important factor in governing the loss of water through evapotranspiration. The actual soil moisture content usually remained below the field capacity. In general, the soils of different species studied showed considerable variations in the moisture content. Apart from the effect of species which was of a lower magnitude under the prevalent climatic conditioJ1s of the locality, the differences in mechanical Composition, water holding capacity and organic matter content of the soil appeared to be of greater importance for these observed variations.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The water balance of watersheds involving the losses due to interception, run-off, evaporation, transpiration, underground drainage and the gains due to storage as soil moisture has been discussed. It has been shown that floods take place mainly due to the excess of precipitation over the absorbing capacity of the soil. The changes in moisture content below the soil surface and the effect of these changes on run-off, floods and stream flow are depicted. The effect of various edaphic factors, namely soil texture, structure, depth, organic matter content, character of subsoil, water table, geology and topography on infiltration, percolation and storage capacity as well as on water movement and hydrology of a given area has been brought out clearly. The influence of burning, grazing, mechanical compaction, shifting cultivation, faunal activity. etc., on the soil properties and moisture relations of watersheds has also been dealt with. Important features and analytical data of a few major soil groups found in India have been presented and correlated with their moisture characteristics. The effects of different vegetative covers on the soil mnisture dynamics and water yield have been described, and the value of maintenance of a suitable vegetative cover on the catchment area and creation of conditions conducive to adequate percolation and infiltration in the soil has been emphasized. It has been mentioned that soil moisture studies provide a useful diagnostic basis for understanding the water balance of a catchment area. In view of the magnitude and complexity of the problem need for well planned research has been suggested.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The paper describes the results of a soil investigation carried out in Dehra Dun Forest Division of Uttar Pradesh during 1956 amd 1957. It has been observed that both fine and coarse-textured soils which are acidic and non-calcareous support good sal growth provided the conditions of moisture supply, aeration and drainage are satisfactory. The soil conditions favourable for advanced sal growth are not necessarily suitable for its adequate natural regeneration. Coarse-textured and excessively bouldery soils with deficient moisture retention as well as those with high accumulation of organic matter in the top layer do not offer congenial medium for the establishment of recruitment. Clayey soils with poor permeability also interfere with the establishment of natural regeneration unless appropriate measures to promote structure and improved seed bed condition are adopted. Calcium status does not appear to be much critical for the reaeneration and advanced growth of sai under the local conditions. Dense ischolar_main development of the associated flora in the top layer competes strongly for moisture and nutrients and is detrimental to regeneration. Apart from biotic influences and frost attack the dense overhead canopy and undergrowth are other additional factors which adversely affect regeneration.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

A soil study undertaken in Madhya Pradesh in connection with raising pulpwood plantations for Nepa Mill has been reported. The data on site factors together with morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of six representative soil profiles examined are presented and discussed in detail. They reveal that the soils of the locality mainly belong to the grey brown, black and red soil groups and vary widely in many properties, and thus pose some problem from reforestation point of view. In general, most soils are shallow, neutral to alkaline, calcaleous, low in nutrient and moisture supply, poor in structure, and high in clay content with the exception of some red soils which are acidic, non-calcareous and have relatively better overall fertility status. It has been suggested that the areas with different types of soils be distinguished on a practical basis and most suitable species, soil working techniques, moisture conservation measures and planting techniques be chosen for different areas in order to ensure success.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The need of carrying out soil studies in forest areas during the preparation or revision of working plan has been emphasised. The exact procedure together with the traverse to be followed in the field for conducting soil studies particularly of morphological features in the (1) areas of plantation working circles, (2) areas covered by enumeration survey and (3) remaining areas has been described stepwise in chronological sequence. The different items of equipment required during the study have been mentioned. The various observations to be made about site characteristis, vegetation and soil morphology, etc., at each auger boring have been described. The usage at symbols for different observations and the broad basis of classifying the soils into suitable practical units as well as preparing soil maps have been indicated. The methods of digging soil pits, collecting soil samples and recording different observations in soil forms A and B bave been given in detail in the form of appendices. It may, however, be stated that modifications as may be considered necessary to suit local conditions or special objects of study can be made to the proposed procedure.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The paper describes a soil study undertaken in the tropical evergreen forests of Andaman Islands in 1960. Owing to intensive leaching caused by heavy rainfall the soils are acidic, non-calcareous and have low calcium status excepting those soils which are either poorly drained or are located at the low-lying sites. In general, the soils possess fairly good amount of clay fraction and show high water holding power and cation exchange capacity, but the organic matter content is some what low especially at the hill tops as a result of rapid rate of its decomposition obtaning under the local conditions. The availability of phosphorus is low, but there is greater mobilisation of manganese in the water-logged soil. The soils along the water courses associated with subsoil swampy condition and also the red earths having compact concretionary mass do not appear to be favourable for the natural regeneration of certain Dipterocarpus species. Great care is required to carry out heavy working in these forests, since it may accentuate water-logging in the low-lying sites and increase the risk of erosion on the higher hill slopes.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The necssity and scope of using fertilizers and manures in forestry have been eluci-dated. Some of the work done on fertilizer application with different species in the forests and nurseries in India and abroad has been reviewed. The various problems such the method, dose, form, combination and time of application, type of soil and species to be treated, weed growth, mycorrhizal development, cultural practices and economics, etc., involved in forest fertilisation have been described briefly. In view of meagre available scientific data in Indian forestry the urgent need for conducting statistically designed fertilizer trials on different soils and with different species under varied climatic conditions to evolve suitable effective fertilizer schedules for different areas, where such an application is required has been suggested. It is emphasised that arbitrary application of fertllizers without assesing the deficiencies of the local soil should be avoided, as these could often lead to either wastage of the fertilizer or harm to the crop either due to overdoses or due to imbalance of the nutrients. Further, to keep up the initial acceleration in growth, it may be necessary to repeat fertilization at suitable intervals in the long life of a forest crop.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

Analytical data about important physical and chemical properties of a few lateritic and red soil profiles from the low rainfall areas or Andhra Pradesh, Madras, Mysore and M.P. have been presented. The data reveal that the soils vary in texture and are generally acidic and non-calcareous excepting the lowest depths of two red soil profiles which are calcareous and only slightly alkaline. Most soils contain low amount of Nitrogen, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Phosphorus with the exception of one red soil developed on basalt in M.P. which possesses strikingly high values of Calcium, Magnesium, cation exchange capacity and water holding power. The need for conserving soil and moisture and for improving the ferti1ity status together with the choice of suitable soil working methods and species has been indicated, so that these areas may be afforested.

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J. S. P. Yadav , D. R. Sharma

Abstract

An investigation conducted in 1962 to study the edaphic factors with reference to the distribution of sal and teak in Madhya Pradesh is reported. Certain physical and chemical properties of soil did not show any marked difference which could be attributed for the differential distribution of the two species. On the whole, the soils under teak have higher exchangeable calcium than those under sal, while the coarse-textured shallow soil possessing the lowest amount of exchangeable calcium and moisture status is occupied by the miscellaneous species. The data suggest that the general occurrence of teak in the south-west region is helped by higher exchangeable calcium under drier conditions apart from the greater tolerance of teak for such conditions. The exchangeable calcium of the soil thus appears to be an important factor in favouring predominance of this species. In view of the present limited data the study needs to be extended to other areas as well for confirming the observations reported here, which are, to all intents and purposes, preliminary and tentative.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The paper describes the results of eleven typical soils under certain important types of forests found in India. In general, the soils of drier areas have higher pH values and are poorer in organic matter and nitrogen, but possess greater quantities. of bases like calcium than the soils of more humid areas. Low level of organic matter and nitrogen, deficiency of moisture, poor structure, calcareousness, alkaline reaction, presence of kankar pan, excessive salt content, etc., are some of the factors which lead to the growth of only xerophytic species in some drier localities. Coastal sand under littoral vegetation is associated with poor nutrient status. The highest amount of organic matter and nitrogen is found in the soil under high level conifers. The ferruginous soil with good supply of manganese appears to be favourable for natural regeneration of sal (Shorea robusta) in Bihar. Teak (Tectona grandis) attains better quality on moist soil developed from basalt which is acidic and has adequate amount of exchangeable calcium and satisfactory P-availability. These data show that the soils under different forest vegetation differ considerably in their physical and chemical characteristics and suggest the need for more systematic detailed studies to have a thorough appraisal of the relationship between soil and vegetation and to develop most appropriate methods of management.

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J. S. P. Yadav , T. C. Pathak

Abstract

Details of a preliminary soil study undertaken in some of the evergreen forests in Brahmaputra valley of Assam in 1960 are given. The soils are highly acidie deep alluvial and show certain differences in their chemical composition. However, the variations in the physical and morphological characteristics exhibited are of greater significance in influencing the growth and regeneration of important species. Thus, the coarse-textured soil with poor moisture regime and higher reaction carries mixed evergreen forest without Dipterocarpus macrocarpus, and Shorea assamica. On the other hand, the finer textured acidic soils having satisfactory drainage and good moisture retentive power support these evergreen species. Again, a soil with a sandy layer at the bottom restricting moisture retention or with impeded sub-soil drainage retards natural regeneration of D. macrocarpus. The highly clayey soil rich in organic matter, nitrogen and sesquioxides with higher moisture holding power appears to be more favourable for the development of Shorea assamica as compared to D. macrocarpus. In view of these striking observations a need for systematic studies on the soil-vegetation complex in this region bas been emphasized.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

A soil investigation was undertaken in January 1966 to evaluate the soil factors in relation to the good and poor growth of forest plantations in North Bihar and to judge site suitability for such plantations. The soil is riverain sand characterised by a relatively finer-textured top layer, the thickness of which is of paramount practical significance in this context. Soils of Champaran district are mostly calcareous, alkaline and show considerable textural variations, whereas those of Purnea district are non-calcareous, acidic and more sandy. In general, the soils with deep finer-textured top layer associated with greater moisture and nutrient availability support much better growth of the planted species like bamboo, teak, Eucalyptus hyhrid and sissoo than the soils which have thin finer-textured top layer over deep deposit of coarse sand. Differences in local water table caused by micro-relief as also soil morphological features are further important in conditioning the growth of the plantations. Sites subjected to prolonged water-logging in rains are not suitable for Eucalyptus hybrid. The ischolar_maining habit of the species needs to be correlated to the soil conditions and moisture regime of the locality for proper site selection. As a rule, shallow-ischolar_mained species like bamboo should be grown on the soils having deep finer-textured productive zone. Growing of Tephrosia improves organic matter status and moisture relations of the soil. On the whole, cashew is a complete failure, while sissoo appears to be the most hardy species in this area.

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R. C. Kaushik , I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav , Jai Prakash

Abstract

The paper describes the results of an investigation undertaken in November, 1967 and June, 1968, in connection with the All-India Eucalyptus Study Tour and Symposium, in the States of Haryana and Punjab respectively to study the soil conditions supporting good as well as poor growth of Eucalyptus hybrid (Mysore gum) plantations where water was applied in the initial stages. The plantations ranged from one to six years of age (1962-1967) as listed in Table 1. This species fails to grow on the saline alkali soils which have p^H>10 and soluble salt content >0.7% and possess compact indurated sub-soil due to impervious pan, mostly kankar pan. Such sites should not be planted with this species unless soil conditions are reclaimed to the desired level and/or suitable planting method and soil working technique including perforation of impervious pan are adopted to overcome the adverse factors. Prolonged water-logging is also highly detrimental. The growth is arrested on the soils which are non-saline but have p^H>9 and also on the scils which have p^H<8.5 but with a salt content exceeding 1.0%. The species tolerates moderately calcareous soils and is able to grow satisfactorily on the soils having p^H < 9 and a soluble, salt content up to 0.3%. but still better growth is attained on a soil having p^H < 8.5 and soluble salt content <0.2%. The growth is also quite good on a light-textured alluvial soil which has adequate moisture supply as a result of high water table in the vicinity of a river. Provision of water in the initial stages of establishment is beneficial for the growth of this species under the local conditions. Systematic experiments are however required to be conducted to determine the most suitable watering or irrigation regime, soil-working and planting techniques and fertilizer application.

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I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav , Jai Prakash

Abstract

The results of a soil investigation conducted in some bamboo forests of Assam in December 1963 have been reported in this paper. The soils of the different bamboo species show wide variations in many physical and chemical characteristics and assume greater significance on account of the shallow ischolar_main system of the species. The soils under Bambusa tulda and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii occurring in the semi-evergreen forests contain higher amounts of clay and silt than those under Melocanna bambusoides, Teinostachyum dullooa and Oxytenananthera nigrociliata occurring in the Cachar evergreen forests. The soil under B.tulda possesses the highest clay fraction, organic matter, nitrogen, calcium, potassium and phosphorus, whereas the soil under T.dullooa and O.nigrociliata exhibits the highest amount of sand and lowest reserve of magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen. The data indicate that the latter species are capable of growing satisfactorily even on coarse-textured soils provided sufficient moisture is available. In view of immense potentiality for industrial utilisation and extensive area occupied by several bamboo species in Assam, the need for more systematic intensified studies to know precisely the relationship between soils and bamboos has been suggested.

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J. S. P. Yadav , Jai Prakash

Abstract

The result of a soil investigation undertaken in 1967-68 in Tarai and Bhabar and Bijnor Plantation Divisions to evaluate the soil conditions supporting good and inferior growth of Eucalyptus hybrid (Syn. E. tereticornis or Mysore gum) of Chickbalapur origin bave been reported. The morphological characteristics of soil profile particularly its texture, stoniness and drainage together with the associated effect on moisture regime and aeration are of great importance in influencing the growth of this species. A bhabar soil with coarse texture and excessive bouldery sub-soil having deficient moisture supply is not favourable for good growth, but the situation is improved where a bhabar soil has silty loam texture and is associated with somewhat higher water table. On the other hand, a tarai soil without stones but having adequate moisture availability and satisfactory drainage provides a more congenial environment. This species however, appears to exhibit inferior growth on a tarai soil which has impeded sub-soil drainage. Calcareous soil with slight alkaline reaction and presence of lime nodules in a diffused form does not appear to be harmful under the local conditions. The nutrient supply in the soil is moderate and is not critical in this area. In view of varied soil conditions met with in the region, the importance of a proper selection of sites for raising successful Eucalyptus hybrid plantations capable of adequate economic returns has been emphasized, utilising remaining sites for other species and purposes including retention of unplanted belts of unsuitable areas for preservation of indigenous flora and fauna as an additional measure towards nature conservation.

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J. S. P. Yadav , K. Singh

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The results of a soil investigation conducted in February 1967 in some widely distributed saline alkali soils of Vrijbhumi Afforestation Division of Uttar Pradesh to determine the range of tolerance of some important forest species for salinity and alkali status have been reported in this paper. These soils vary widely in several morphological, physical and chemical characteristics and accordingly, the forest species have shown varying growth response. In general, all planted species have failed to grow on the soils which are compact and indurated with a cemented bed of Kankar nodules, are highly calcareous and have pH >10 and soluble salts >3.42% and >1.14% in the top soil and sub-soil respectively. P. juliflora is able to grow on the calcareous soils which have on the average a maximum pH value of 9.5 and soluble salt content of 0.54%, though a soil having pH up to 10 and soluble salts up to 1% with compact sub-soil can also be tolerated. A. arabica thrives satisfactorily on the sa1ine alkali soils which have pH value below 9 and soluble salt content below 0.3%. Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma, Dalbergia sissoo, Pongamia pinnata and Terminalia arjuna have grown on the moderately calcareous soils which are generally non-saline and non-alkali in the top 60 cm depth but have pH up to 9.8 and soluble salts up to 0.45% in the sub-soil. Out of the species studied, Albi ia lebbek and Ailanthus excelsa appear to be the least tolerant to salinity and alkali status and require comparatively better structured soil. Further, the growth of P. juliflora brings about some improvement in the fertility status and reduction in the salinity and alkali level of the surface layer only. The trenchridge method is effective in lowering the salt concentration of the soil in the ridge by leaching. Although the technique of filling the planting pit with good imported soil helps in establishment of the planted species, it entails the possible danger of subsequent alkali development due to salt diffusion from the surrounding soil. In view of the varying degree of tolerance shown by different forest species and also wide variations encountered in the soil conditions, the paramount importance of a judicious selection of forest species according to the salinity and alkali status and morphological features of the soil is quite obvious, before any afforestation programme of saline alkali soils is undertaken.

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J. S. P. Yadav , T. C. Pathak , G. S. Mahi

Abstract

The results of a soil investigation conducted in 1960 in some evergreen forests of Western Ghats in the States of Mysore, Madras and Kerala are described. The soils show wide variations in depth, texture, stoniness, moisture regime, drainage, topographical situation, etc., but in general they are formed in situ and are acidic in reaction, poor in bases and lateritic in nature with a fair supply of organic matter and nitrogen. The intensive mineral weathering and rapid turn over of the nutrients under the local conditions facilitate easy supply of the nutrients to the vegetation. However, the soils which are shallow, coarse-textured, stony, liable to heavy erosion or with hard compact laterite sub-soil and possess low moisture and nutrient status, carry semi-evergreen forest often without Dipterocarpus indicus. The deep clayey fertile soils with good drainage and adequate moisture supply favour evergreen forest with D. indicus and such other species. On the other hand, deep sandy soil in a valley with somewhat high water table support evergreen forest dominated by Vateria indica, whereas the soil having swampy sub-soil is occupied by Myristica swamp forest. The necessity for conducting more intensified soil studies and for taking utmost care in carrying out heavy working in these forests has been indicated.

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Gulab Chand , J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

Mortality of fir (Abies pindrow) and spruce (Picea smithiana) in Chakrata Forest Division (U.P.) has taken plnce following the heavy fellings carried out during 1941 to 1950. Mention has been made of some of the important observations made by the previous workers. The different geological formations occurring under these forests have been described. An attempt has been made to correlate the mortality of these species with the nature, type and structural features of the underlying rock formations.

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J. S. P. Yadav , Gulab Chand , B. L. Dhar

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Quantitative and qualitative mineralogical studies were carried out on soil samples collected from North Bihar afforestation areas, especially those of Champaran District. The data on mineralogical composition of fine sand fractions of the soils bearing poor as well as good stands of forest plantations have been presented and discussed in order to gain more complete knowledge of the mineral reserves and to correlate the same with the growth status. In general, the light minerals form the bulk of the suite. The proportion of garnet is the highest among the heavy, minerals. From the general assemblage the minerals appear to be mosty, characteristic of the metamorphic rocks. Apparently, no direct correlation between the mineral content and the growth status was observed.

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J. S. P. Yadav

Abstract

The paper deals with the various biological methods adopted in the reclamation and utilisation of saline alkali soils. The relative performance of various forest trees, grasses and agricultural crops has been described and data on the changes in the properties of saline alkali soils brought about as a result of the vegetative growth have been presented. The role of green manuring, algal growth and addition of other organic materials in the improvement of saline alkali soils has also been discussed. The data reveal that adoption of suitable biological methods helps in hastening and intensifying the process of improvement of saline alkali soils and this may prove economical within the available means of the individual cultivators. Since the scientific data regarding the effect of these methods on the soil properties are limited, there is need to conduct more detailed and well planned studies under different conditions of soil and climate, so that practical methods of wider applicability can be evolved in order to put the hitherto unutilised extensive areas of saline and alkali soils of the country to agricultural production.

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