Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Examining Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy among University Students:An Empirical Study from Gender Point of View


Affiliations
1 BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Research Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the two factors describing entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) help in understanding gender difference in ESE. Further, the study also aims to study the relationship & effect of demographic variable and socio-economic factor on ESE.

Methods and Measures: A quantitative methodology and a survey-based design were used to identify gender difference in ESE. 210 primary data were collected from students of UG and PG courses through structured questionnaire. The study used DonMacke and DebMarkley (2003) measures of entrepreneurial skills, i.e., Motivation and Capacity-Skill for assessing ESE.

Findings: The study revealed no significant difference between aspiring male and female in terms of both factors, i.e., Motivation and Capacity-Skill representing ESE except grasping ability measuring marketing and communication capacity. It was found that a female has more grasping ability than a male. In addition, no significant relationship was found between age, socio-economic factor, and ESE.

Practical Implications: This study will be useful for the institution to develop its curriculum so that it will able to create self confidence among students and also be helpful in encouraging and motivating students (particularly female) to engage in entrepreneurial activity through skill-development programme.

Contribution of Study: The study contributes to existing literature of entrepreneurship and enhanced our understanding regarding so-called gender difference in terms of ESE.


Keywords

Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE), Gender, Gender Difference and Socio-Economic Factor.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Anna, A. L., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., & Mero, N. P. (2000). Women business owners in traditional and nontraditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279-303.

  • Ansari, D. A. (2016). Women entrepreneurship in India. AEIJST, 4(4), 2-14.

  • Arunadevi, K., Chermalatha, M., & Kanaga, N. (2017). Recent Trends in Women Entrepreneurship. Paper presented at the two day International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering Science, Humanities and Management Retrieved from www.conferenceworld.in

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

  • Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9-44.

  • Bird, B., & Brush, C. (2002). A gendered perspective on organizational creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 41-65.

  • Bosma, N., & Levie, J. (2009). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2009 global report. Babson Park: Babson College.

  • Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(4), 63-77.

  • Bradley, D. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2004). Self-employment and job satisfaction: Investigating the role of selfefficacy, depression, and seniority. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(1), 37-58.

  • Bygrave, W. D., & Hofer, C. W. (1991). Theorizing about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 16(2), 13-22.

  • Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?. Journal of business venturing, 13(4), 295-316.

  • Chowdhury, S., & Endres, M. (2005). Gender difference and the formation of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Presented at the United States Association of Small Business (USASBE) Annual Conference, Indian Wells, CA, January 13-15.

  • De Noble, A., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. (1999). Initiating new ventures: The role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In: Babson Research Conference, Babson College, Boston, MA.

  • DeTienne, D. R., & Chandler, G. N. (2007). The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 81-99.

  • Dhekale, V. S. (2016). Performance of women entrepreneurship in India. International Journal of Management, 7(1), 123-131.

  • Driver, A., Wood, E., Segal, N., & Herrington, M. (2001). Global entrepreneurship monitor: South African executive report. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.

  • Dutta, A. (2015, March 8). Nearly half of India’s entrepreneurs are women: Study. Retrieved from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nearly-half-of-Indias-entrepreneurs-are-women Study/articles how/46489751.cms

  • Firoz, F. (2015). Female entrepreneurial capacity in China: A comparative study of two periods. International Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 3(5), 10-25. Retrieved from http://ijsss.redfame.com

  • Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., & Dykes, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8, 151-168.

  • Flavius, T. E. (2010). Gender, Entrepreneurial SelfEfficacy, And Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientations: The case of the Caribbean. International Business & Economics Research Journal – Special Edition 2010, 9(13), 17-31.

  • Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., Powers, J. B., & Gartner, W. B. (2002). Entrepreneurial expectancy, task effort, and performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 187-206.

  • Gibson, L. G., & Gibson, R. A. (2010). Entrepreneurial attitudes of arts and business students, {Abstract]. In ICSB 2010, 55th Anniversary, International Council for Small Business, June 24-27, 2010, Cincinnati, Ohio: Entrepreneurship: Bridging Global Boundaries, 89.

  • Gupta, V. K., Turban, D. B., & Bhawe, N. M. (2008). The effect of gender stereotype activation on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1053-1061.

  • Hallak, R., Assaker, G. & O’Connor, P., (2012). Are family and nonfamily tourism businesses different? An examination of the entrepreneurial self-efficacy-entrepreneurial performance relationship. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research.

  • Hisrich, R. D. (1986). The woman entrepreneur: Characteristics, skills, problems, and prescriptions for success. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 61-84.

  • Hisrich, R., Langan-Fox, J., & Grant, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship research and practice: A call to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62(6), 575.

  • Ivancevich, J. M., Konopaske, R., Matteson, M. T. (2005). Organizational behavior and management (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin.

  • Kelley, D., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015-16. Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/download@file

  • Kickul, J., Wilson, F., Marlino, D., & Barbosa, S. D. (2008). Are misalignments of perceptions and selfefficacy causing gender gaps in entrepreneurial intentions among our nation’s teens? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(2), 321-335.

  • Kirkwood, J. (2009). Is a lack of self-confidence hindering women entrepreneurs? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 118-133.

  • Kourilsky, M. L., & Walstad, W. B. (1998). Entrepreneurship and female youth: Knowledge, attitudes, gender differences and educational practices. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(1), 77-88.

  • Krueger, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 91-91.

  • Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 411-432.

  • Langowitz, N., & Minniti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 341-365.

  • Luszczynska, A., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). Social cognitive theory. In M. Conner & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting health behaviour (2nd ed. rev., pp. 127-169). Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

  • Macke, D., & Markley, D. (2003). Entrepreneur Self Test. Centre for Rural Entrepreneurship. Retrieved from http://www.ruraleship.org.

  • Mahadea, D. (2001). Similarities and differences between male and female entrepreneurial attributes in manufacturing firms in the informal sector in the Transkei. Development Southern Africa, 18(2), 189-199.

  • Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A. (2002). Inventors and new venture formation: The effects of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 149-165.

  • McGee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: Refining the Measure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4), 965-988.

  • Minniti, M., Arenius, P., & Langowitz, N. (2005). GEM 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship. Babson Park, MA: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Program and Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College, Babson College.

  • Mueller, S., & Conway Dato-on, M. (2008). Gender role orientation as a determinant of entrepreneurial selfefficacy. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 3-20.

  • Mueller, S., & Conway Dato-on, M. (2013). A cross cultural study of gender-role orientation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Int Entrep Manag J, 9, 1-20.

  • Mueller, S. L. (2004). Gender gaps in potential for entrepreneurship across countries and cultures. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 199-220.

  • National Foundation for Women Business Owners. (2001). Entrepreneurial vision in action: Exploring growth among women- and men-owned firms. Washington, DC: NFWBO.

  • Olanrewaju, A. K. (2013). Demographics, Entrepreneurial Self-efficay and Locus of Control as Determinants of Adolescents Entrepreneurial Intention in Ogun State, Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(12), 59-97. Retrieved from http://www.ejbss.com/recent.aspx

  • Orford, J., Wood, E., Fischer, C., Herrington, M., & Segal, N. (2003). South African executive report update: Global entrepreneurship monitor. Graduate School of Business. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.

  • Prabhu. A., & Thomas, A. (2014). Influence of parental factors on the entrepreneurial attitude of B school students. International Journal of Research and Development: A Management Review (IJRDMR), 3(1), 35-38.

  • Reynolds P., Carter, N., Gartner, W., Greene, P., & Cox, L. (2002). The entrepreneur next door, characteristics of individuals starting companies in America. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City.

  • Scherer, R., Adams, J., & Wiebe, F. (1989). Developing entrepreneurial behaviours: A social learning theory perspective. Journal of Organizational.

  • Scherer, R. F., Brodzinski, J. D., & Wiebe, F. A. (1990). Entrepreneurial career selection and gender: A socialization approach. Journal of Small Business Management, 28(2), 37-44.

  • Setiawan, J. L. (2012). Entrepreneurship Program Assessment by Students Outcome on Their Perceived Entrepreneurial Characteristics. Paper presented at Indonesia International Conference on Innovation. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Surabaya. 26-28 June 2012.

  • Setiawan, J. L. (2014). Examining Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy among students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115, 235-242. Retrieved from www.sciencedirect.com

  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217-226.

  • Steier, L. (2003). Variants of agency contracts in familyfinanced ventures as a continuum of familial altruistic and market rationalities. J. Bus. Ventur. 18(5), 597-618. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00012-0.

  • Townsend, D. M., Busenitz, L. W., & Arthurs, J. D. (2010). To start or not to start: Outcome and ability expectations in the decision to start a new venture. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 192-202.

  • Urban, B. (2010). A gender perspective on career preferences and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. SA journal of Human Resource Management, 8(1), 1-8. Retreived from http://www.sajhrm.co.za

  • Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1982). Measuring sex stereotypes. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

  • Williams, J. E., Satterwhite, R. C., & Best, D. L. (1999). Pan-cultural gender stereotypes revisited: The five factor model. Sex Roles, 40(7/8), 513-525.

  • Wilson, F., Kickul, J., Marlino, D., Barbosa, S. D., & Griffiths, M. (2009). An analysis of the role of gender and self-efficacy in developing female entrepreneurial interest and behavior. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 105-119.

  • Wilson, F., Marlino, D., & Kickul, J. (2004). Our entrepreneurial future: Examining the diverse attitudes and motivations of teens across gender and ethnic identity. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 177-198.

  • Wilson, K., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 387-406.

  • Zeffane, R. (2013). Gender and youth entrepreneurial potential: Evidence from the United Arab Emirates International Journal of Business and Management, 8(1), 60-72.

  • Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272.


Abstract Views: 302

PDF Views: 0




  • Examining Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy among University Students:An Empirical Study from Gender Point of View

Abstract Views: 302  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

S. C. Das
BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Akriti Jaiswal
BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract


Research Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the two factors describing entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) help in understanding gender difference in ESE. Further, the study also aims to study the relationship & effect of demographic variable and socio-economic factor on ESE.

Methods and Measures: A quantitative methodology and a survey-based design were used to identify gender difference in ESE. 210 primary data were collected from students of UG and PG courses through structured questionnaire. The study used DonMacke and DebMarkley (2003) measures of entrepreneurial skills, i.e., Motivation and Capacity-Skill for assessing ESE.

Findings: The study revealed no significant difference between aspiring male and female in terms of both factors, i.e., Motivation and Capacity-Skill representing ESE except grasping ability measuring marketing and communication capacity. It was found that a female has more grasping ability than a male. In addition, no significant relationship was found between age, socio-economic factor, and ESE.

Practical Implications: This study will be useful for the institution to develop its curriculum so that it will able to create self confidence among students and also be helpful in encouraging and motivating students (particularly female) to engage in entrepreneurial activity through skill-development programme.

Contribution of Study: The study contributes to existing literature of entrepreneurship and enhanced our understanding regarding so-called gender difference in terms of ESE.


Keywords


Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE), Gender, Gender Difference and Socio-Economic Factor.

References