![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextgreen.png)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextred.png)
Empirical Examination of Relationship between Organizational Culture and Employee Competence:An Insight
In order to enhance and improvise the individual competence it is necessary to understand the organizational culture of educational institutions besides giving growth opportunities to employees. Culture becomes an essential aspect for an individual as it’s an ever changing process and there is no fix culture in any organization. The primary objective of this research is to study and analyze the influence of organizational culture on individual competence in Indian settings. A survey was conducted on 200 faculty members through a self-established instrument whose validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis for scale purification in the selected educational institutions established in remote locations of a hilly state in India that have not been explored for such studies so, it is an exploratory study. The study reveals that there is a significant impact of organizational culture on individual competence in educational institutions.
Keywords
- Abdi, H. & Williams, L. J. (2010). Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 2(4), 433−459. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.101.
- Abel, M.H. (2008). Competencies management and learning organizational memory. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(6), 15−30. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270810913595.
- Ahamed, M. & Mahmood, R. (2015). Impact of organizational culture on job satisfaction: A study on Banglalion communication ltd., Bangladesh. European Journal of Business and Management, 7 (10), 160−174.
- Amabile, T. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research and Organizational Behavior, 10, 123−67.
- Aula, P. & Heinonen, J. (2016). Extended Culture. In: The Reputable Firm. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; p. 99−119. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-31922008-6_5.
- Bartlett, C. A. & Ghoshal, S. (1999). Managing across borders: The transnational solution. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press; p. 389. ISBN: 9780875848495.
- Bergenhenegouwen, G.J., Horn, H.F. & Moojiman, E.A. (1996). Competence development a challenge for HRM professionals: Core competencies of organizations as guidelines for the development of employees. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20 (9), 29−35. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599610150282.
- Bhaduiy, B. (1991). Work Culture: An exposition in the Indian context. Vikalpa, 16(4), 33−42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090919910404.
- Busse, R. (2014). Corporate culture, organizational change and meaning at work-linking human resources with business ethics. Human Systems Management, 33(1-2), 47−50.
- Busse, R., Sun, L. & Zhu, V. (2013). Authenticity shortage of corporate social responsibility. Human Systems Management, 32(4), 243−248.
- Cameron, K. S. & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and changing corporate culture. Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture, Based on the Competing Values Framework, The Jossey-Bass Business & Mamagememt Series. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley; p. 242.
- Campion, M.A., Fink, A.A., Ruggeberg, B.J., Carr, L., Phillips, G.M. & Odman, R.B. (2011). Doing competencies well: Best practices in competency modeling. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 225−262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17446570.2010.01207.x.
- Carmines, E. G. & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, SAGE Publications, Inc. v. 17, p. 72. Retrieved from https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/reliability-andvalidity-assessment/book438.
- Cavana, R.Y., Delahaye, B.L. & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Queensland: Wiley. ISBN: 0471341266. http://www.johnwiley.com.au/.
- Chauhan, M. A. & Singh, L. K. (2015). Priority sector advances trends, issues and strategy: A case study on Kumaun region. International Journal of Advance Research Innovative and Innovative Ideas in Education, 1(5), 293−305.
- Collins, J. C. & Porras, J. I. (1996). Building your company’s vision. Harvard Business Review, 74(5), 65.
- Cooke, R. A. & Rousseau, D. M. (1988). Behavioral norms and expectations a quantitative approach to the assessment of organizational culture. Group & Organization Management, 13(3), 245−273.
- Cooke, R. A. & Szumal, J. L. (1993). Measuring normative beliefs and shared behavioral expectations in organizations: The reliability and validity of the organizational culture inventory. Psychological Reports, 72(3c), 1299−1330. https:// doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1299.
- Crawford, L. (2005). Senior management perceptions of project management competence. International Journal of Project Management, 23(1), 7−16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.06.005.
- Curteanu, D. & Constantin, I. (2011). Organizational culture diagnosis - A new model. Manager Journal, 11(1), 14−21.
- Deal, T.E. & Kennedy, A. (1982). Corporate Cultures: The rites and rituals of organizational life. Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, 126. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1122424.
- Denison, D. R. (1990). Wiley series on organizational assessment and change. Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness. England: John Wiley & Sons. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-97246-000.
- Dyer, J., Lindsay, J., Gregersen, H. & Garber, C. (2009). How do innovators think?. Harvard Business Review. PMid: 19968057.
- Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics with SPSS. 2nd Ed. Andy Field, London: Sage Publications Ltd. 2005, London: Sage. p. 423. ISBN 0-7619-4452-4.
- Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. New York: Basic books. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/geertz.pdf.
- Gordon, G. G. & DiTomaso, N. (1992). Predicting corporate performance from organizational culture. Journal of management studies, 29(6), 783−798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00689.x
- Gordon, G.G. (1991). Industry determinants of organizational culture. Academy of Management Review, 16, 396−415. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4278959, https://doi.org/10.2307/258868.
- Gouldner, A. (1954). Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. New York: Free Press. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1955-01682-000.
- Graham, J. L. (1984). A comparison of Japanese and American business negotiations. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 1(1), 51−68. https://doi.org/10.1016/01678116(84)90007-7.
- Hair, J.F. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. 7th Ed. Pearson College Division. https://www.pearson.com/ us/higher-education/program/Hair-Multivariate-DataAnalysis-7th-Edition/PGM263675.html.
- Handy, C. B. (1976). So you want to change your organization? Then First Identify its Culture. Management Learning, 7(2), 67−84.
- Hansen, M.T., Nohria, N. & Tierney, T. (1999). What is your strategy for managing knowledge? Harvard Business Review, 77(2), 106−116. PMid: 10387767.
- Harris, S. G. (1994). Organizational culture and individual sense making: A schema-based perspective. Organization Science, 5(3), 309−321. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.3.309.
- Hearn, J, Clugston, R. & Heydinger, R. (1993). Five years of strategic environmental assessment efforts at a research university: A case study of an organizational innovation. Innovative Higher Education, 18(1), 7−36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01742195.
- Hellriegel, D. & Slocum, J. W. (1974). Organizational climate: Measures, research and contingencies. Academy of management Journal, 17(2), 255−280. https://doi.org/10.5465/254979, https://doi.org/10.2307/254979.
- Hofstede, G. (1990). A reply and comment on Joginder p. singh: Managerial culture and work-related values in India. Organization Studies, 11(1), 103−106. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069001100107.
- Hutcheson, P. A. (1996). Faculty tenure: Myth and reality 1974 to 1992. Thought & Action, 12(1), 7−22.
- Jacques, E. (1951). The changing culture of a factory: A study of authority and participation in an industrial setting. Br J Ind Med. 1951;8(4):306–308. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1037354/.
- Johnson, G. (1988). Processes of managing strategic change. Management Research News, 11(4/5), 43−46. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb027990.
- Kerego, K. & Mthupha, D. M. (1997). Job satisfaction as perceived by agricultural extension workers in Swaziland. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension, 23(2), 19−24.
- Kezar, A. J. & Eckel, P. D. (2002).The effect of institutional culture on change strategies in higher education: Universal principles or culturally responsive concepts?. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(4), 435−460. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2002.11777159, https://doi.org/10.1353/ jhe.2002.0038.
- Kotter, J. & Heskett, J. (1992). Corporate culture and performance. New York: Free Press. https://www.hbs.edu/ faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=139.
- Kushwaha, P. & Rao, M.K. (2015). Integrative role of KM infrastructure and KM strategy to enhance individual competence. VINE, 45(3), 376−396. https://doi.org/10.1108/VINE-02-2014-0014.
- Leslie, D. & Fretwell, L. (1996). Wise move in hard times. Creating and Managing Resilient Colleges and Universities. The Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. First Edition, San Francisco: Jossey Bass. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED392352.
- Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22(140), 1−56.
- Linton, R. (1945). The Cultural Background of Personality. The Century psychology series, Century psychology series. Appleton-Century Crofts, Inc. New York: London. p. 157. https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6472904?q&versionId=45227255.
- Lunsford, I. (1963). The study of campus cultures. Boulder: WICHE. PMid: 13931735.
- Martin, J. & Siehl, C. (1983). Organizational Culture & Counter Culture: An uneasy symbiosis. Organizational Dynamics, 12(1), 52−64. https://doi.org/10.1016/00902616(83)90033-5.
- Maslow, A. (1954). Hierarchy of needs. New York: Harper.
- McClelland, D.C. (1993). The concept of competence, in Spencer, L.M. and Spencer, S.M. (Eds), Competence at Work. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Meyer, G., Brünig, B. & Nyhuis, P. (2015). Employee competences in manufacturing companies–an expert survey. Journal of Management Development, 34(8), 1004−1018. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2014-0056.
- Mirabile, R. (1997). Everything you wanted to know about competency modeling. Training and Development, 51(8), 73−77. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ548517.
- Munshi, P. (2009). Making Breakthrough Innovation Happen: Making 11 Indians Pulled off the Impossible. India: Harper Collins Publishers. https://www.harpercollins.com/9788172237745/making-breakthrough-innovationhappen-making-11-indians-pulled-off-theimpossible/.
- O’reilly, C. A., Chatman, J. & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy Of Management Journal, 34(3), 487−516. https://doi.org/10.2307/256404, https://doi.org/10.5465/256404.
- Pascale, R.T. & Athos, A.G. (1981). The Art of Japanese Management. Simon & Schuster, New York: Warner. p. 221. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ smj.4250030413.
- Peters, M. L. & Zelewski, S. (2005). Competence and Preference-based Workplace Assignment. Integrating Human Aspects in Production Management, 31−43. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23078-5_3.
- Peters, M. L. & Zelewski, S. (2007). Assignment of employees to workplaces under consideration of employee competences and preferences. Management Research News, 30(2), 84−99. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170710722937.
- Peters, T.J. & Waterman, R.H. (1982). In Search of Excellence. Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies. New York: Harper & Row. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=607826.
- Peterson, M., Cameron, K., Jones, P., Mets, L. & Ettington D. (1986). The organizational context for teaching and learning: A review of the research literature. Ann Arbor: National center for research to improve post-secondary teaching and learning, University of Michigan. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/234622298_The_Organizational_Context_for_Teaching_and_Learning_A_ Review_of_the_Research_Literature.
- Pettigrew, A.M. (1979). On studying organizational cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 570−81. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392363.
- Cartwright, C. & Yinger, M. (2007), Project management competency development framework—second edition. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2007—EMEA, Budapest, Hungary. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. https://www.pmi.org/learning/ library/project-manager-competency-developmentframework-7376.
- Reisman, D., Gusfield, J. & Gamson, Z. (1970). Academic values and mass education: The early years of Oakland and Monteith. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, New York: Double Day. p. 332. https://babel.hathitrust.org/ cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015071813310;view=1up;seq=7.
- Rogers, E. (1962). The Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Macmillan Company. p. 460.
- Sanford, B. (1989). Strategies for maintaining professional competence: A manual for professional associations and faculty. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.
- Schein, E. H. (1981). Does Japanese management style have a message for American managers? Sloan Management Review, 23(1), 55.
- Schein, E. H. (1984). Culture as an environmental context for careers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 71−81. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030050107.
- Schein, E. H. (1985a). Organizational culture and leadership: A dynamic view. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. PMCid: PMC1977195.
- Schein, E. H. (1985b). Defining organizational culture. Classics of organization theory, 3, 490−502.
- Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture. American Psychological Association, 45(2), 109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.109.
- Schein, E. H. (1992). How can organizations learn faster?: The challenge of entering the green room. Sloan Management Review, 34(2), 85.
- Schein, E. H. (1996). Culture: The missing concept in organization studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2), 229−240. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393715.
- Schein, E. H. (1999). Process consultation revisited: Building the helping relationship. Massachusetts: AddisonWesley.
- Selznick, P. (1949). TVA and the grass ischolar_mains. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Sempane, M. E., Rieger, H. S. & Roodt, G. (2002). Job satisfaction in relation to organizational culture. SA Journal of industrial Psychology, 28(2), 23−30. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v28i2.49.
- Singh, J. P. (1990). Managerial Culture and Work-related Values in India. Organization Studies, 11(1), 75−101. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069001100106.
- Sinha, J. B. P. & Sinha, D. (1990). Role of social values in Indian organizations. International Journal of Psychology, 25(5/6), 705−714. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599008247922.
- Sorensen, J. B. (2002). The strength of corporate culture and the reliability of firm performance. Administrative science quarterly, 47(1), 70-91.
- Smircich, L. (1983). Concepts of culture and organizational analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 339−359. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392246.
- Tangaraja, G., Rasdi, R., Ismail, M. & Samah, B.A. (2015). Fostering knowledge sharing behavior among public sector managers: A proposed model for the Malaysian public service. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(1), 121−140. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2014-0449.
- Tayeb, M. (1987). Contingency theory and culture: A study of matched English and the Indian manufacturing firms. Organization Studies, 8(3), 241−261. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084068700800303.
- Tierney, W. G. (1988). Organizational culture in higher education: Defining the essentials. The Journal of Higher Education, 59(1), 2-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1 988.11778301, https://doi.org/10.2307/1981868.
- Tripathi, R. C. (1990). Interplay of values in the functioning of Indian organizations. International Journal of Psychology, 25(5/6), 715−734. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599008247923.
- Turner, J. R. & Müller, R. (2006). Choosing appropriate project managers: Matching their leadership style to the type of project. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute.
- Tyagi, A., Dhar, R. L. & Sharma, J. (2016). Police culture, tourists and destinations: A study of Uttarakhand, India. Tourism Management, 52, 563−573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.08.008.
- Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art and custom. Gloucester: Smith.
- Waychal, P., Mohanty, R. P. & Verma, A. (2011). Determinants of innovation as a competence: An empirical study. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 5(2), 192−211. https://doi.org/10.1504/ IJBIR.2011.038781.
- White, L. A. (1949). The science of culture, a study of man and civilization. Oxford, England: Farray.
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/abstractview.png)
Abstract Views: 266
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/pdfview.png)
PDF Views: 102