Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

How Currency Plays a Role in Spread of Contagious Diseases - Need for Clean Currency


Affiliations
1 Freelance Management Educator, India
 

Infectious diseases remain as the major causes of human and animal illness and mortality leading to significant healthcare expenditure in India. The country has experienced the outbreaks and epidemics of many infectious diseases. In recent times good successes have been achieved against the control of major epidemic diseases, but the challenges remain. Dynamic interplays of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with the economic exchange or transaction pose challenges with respect to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the reasons of emergence to development of surveillance systems and also identifying and addressing the factors contributing to the spread. In his article an attempt is being made to look at the issue of spread of pathogens through the paper currency. Attempt has also been made to identify the sources and solutions to address the issue of pathogen transmission through currency notes.

Keywords

Currency Management, Hygiene, Soiled Notes, Pathogenic Contamination on Paper Currency, Virus.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Girma, G. (2015). Health risk associated with handling of contaminated paper currencies in circulation: A review. J Food Nutr Sci, 2(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-0619.15.014.
  • Podhajny, M. R. (2004). How dirty is your money? Paper, Film and Foil Converter (PFFC). Penton Media Inc 2300, 60611-3698.
  • Hosen, J.M., Sarif, D.I. & Pahman, M., et al. (2006). Contamination of coliforms in different paper currency notes of Bangladesh. Pak J Biol Sci, 9(5), 868-870. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.868.870.
  • Ogbu. O. & Uneke, C. J. (2007). Potential for parasite and bacterial transmission by paper currency in Nigeria. J Environ Health, 69(9), 54-60.
  • Oyero, O. G. & Emikpe, B. O. (2007). Preliminary investigation on the microbial contamination of Nigerian currency. Int J Trop Med, 2(2), 29-32.
  • Ogbonda, K. H., Oku, I. Y. & Okwelle, A. A., et al. (2012). The incidence of human disease-causing fungi on Nigerian paper money. Int J MicrobiolImmmunol Res, 2(1), 6-10.
  • Chase, M. (1998). Add to the evil of money the fact it carries many germs. Dow Jones News.
  • Sudeep, L. (2011). Study on Currency logistics and challenges in India and China. Matrix Business Review, 1(1), 134-141.
  • Abrams, B. L. & Waterman, N. G. (1972). Dirty Money. J Am Med Assoc, 219(9), 1202-1203. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.219.9.1202. PMid:4621943
  • Lamichhane, J., Adhikary, S. & Gautam, P., et al. (2009). Risk of handling paper currency in circulation chances of potential bacterial transmittance. Nepal J Sci Technol, 10, 161-166. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v10i0.2952
  • Umeh, E. U., Juluku, J. U. & Ichor, T. (2007). Microbial contamination of Naira (Nigerian Currency) notes in circulation. Res J Environ Sci, 1, 336-339. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2007.336.339
  • Girma, G., Bacha, K. & Ketema, T. (2014), Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 7, 843. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-843 PMid:25424723 PMCid:PMC4255439
  • Alemu, A. (2014). Microbial contamination of currency notes and coins in circulation: a potential public health hazard. Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2(3), 46-53.
  • Basavarajappa, K.G., Rao, P.N. & Suresh, K. (2005). Study of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic contamination of currency notes in circulation. Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 48(2), 278-279.
  • Brady, D. & Kelly, J., (2000). The assessment of the public health risk associated with the simultaneous handling of food and money in the food industry. Emergence of Infectious Disease, 6, 178-182.
  • Laxminarayan, R., Malani, A. (2007). Extending the cure, policy responses to the growing threat of antibiotic resistance.
  • Nagesh, B., Bhat, S., Asawa, K., et al. (2010). An assessment of oral health risk associated with handling of currency notes. Int J Dental Clinics, 2(3), 14-16.
  • Pope, T. W., Ender, P. T. & Woelk, W. K., et al. (2002). Bacterial contamination of paper currency. South Med J, 95(12), 1408-1410. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200212000-00011. PMid:12597308
  • Khan, M.R, Venkatesh, R. K., Ravi, N., Ravikumar, R. & Santhosh Kumar. (2013). Assessment of microbial contamination of Indian paper currency notes in circulation. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 4(10), 1516-1518.
  • Goktas, P. & Oktay, G. (1992). Bacteriological examination of paper money. Mikrobiyol Bull, 26(4), 344-348.
  • Chinchorkar, S. S. & Limaye, S. (2017). Product design deliberations for circular SCM to promote green SCM. IMR (Indira Management Review), (11)2.
  • Ahmed, M. S. U., Parveen, S. & Nasreen, T. et al. (2010). Evaluation of the microbial contamination of Bangladesh paper currency notes (Taka) in circulation. Advanced Biological Research, 4(5), 266-271.
  • Michaels, B., Gangar, V. & Lin, C., et al. (2003). Use limitations of alcoholic instant hand sanitizer as part of a food service hand hygiene program. Food Serv Technol, 3(2), 71-80.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-5740.2003.00067.x
  • Talaro, K. P. (2005). Foundations in microbiology. 5th (edn). Mc-Graw-Hili Companies Inc.
  • Gadsby, P. (1998). Filthy lucre: bugs, drugs and grime hitch a ride on the back of every buck. Discover, 19: 76-84.
  • Debajit, B., Pratap, P. & Tarun, K. (2012). Paper currencies, a potential carrier of pathogenic microorganisms. Int J Appl Biol Pharmaceutical Technol, 3(1), 23-25.
  • A bulletin for the Australian Food Industry. (2000). Money handling in food service operations: Food safety and hygiene.
  • Prescott, L. M., Harley, J. P. & Klein, D. A. (2005). Microbilogy 6th Tim Mc Graw Hill Co. New Delhi, India.
  • Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/global_burden_disease_death_estimates_sex_age_2008.xls
  • Available from: https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/germs-bacteria-ridden-currency-notes-dirty-money.html Beware! The rupee notes in your wallet are carrying disease-causing microbes, warns study
  • Available from: https://scroll.in/article/738482/beware-the-rupee-notes-in-your-wallet-are-carrying-disease-causing-microbes-warns-study Government study says currency notes carry disease-causing micro-organisms
  • Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260872240_Microbial_contamination_of_Indian_currency_notes_in_circulation Scientists say that currency notes carry micro-organisms that spread diseases 33.
  • Available from: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-scientists-say-that-currency-notes-carry-micro- organisms-that-spread-diseases-2113982

Abstract Views: 164

PDF Views: 93




  • How Currency Plays a Role in Spread of Contagious Diseases - Need for Clean Currency

Abstract Views: 164  |  PDF Views: 93

Authors

Sudeep Vijay Limaye
Freelance Management Educator, India

Abstract


Infectious diseases remain as the major causes of human and animal illness and mortality leading to significant healthcare expenditure in India. The country has experienced the outbreaks and epidemics of many infectious diseases. In recent times good successes have been achieved against the control of major epidemic diseases, but the challenges remain. Dynamic interplays of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with the economic exchange or transaction pose challenges with respect to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the reasons of emergence to development of surveillance systems and also identifying and addressing the factors contributing to the spread. In his article an attempt is being made to look at the issue of spread of pathogens through the paper currency. Attempt has also been made to identify the sources and solutions to address the issue of pathogen transmission through currency notes.

Keywords


Currency Management, Hygiene, Soiled Notes, Pathogenic Contamination on Paper Currency, Virus.

References