The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Use of Nutritional Ergogenic Aids by Adults Training for Health-Related Fitness in Gymnasia- A Scoping Review


Affiliations
1 (Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 001., India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Globally, availability and usage of supplements by recreational young people in gymnasia is on the rise. Although certain aspects related to nutritional ergogenic aids and supplements prescribed in traditional Indian medicine, have been reported, no comprehensive global review is yet available. This Scoping Review was, therefore conducted in view of the gaps in research, needs for capacity building of concerned professionals, strengthening of knowledge, attitudes of trainees and for policy / regulations. A total of 16 key words were framed and 5 search engines were explored for this review. Through this search procedure 278 research papers were scrutinized (from 2000-to date) of which 31 were included, highlights higher prevalence of supplement use amongst males v/s females attending gymnasia. The most used supplements were nutrients and pharmacy (multivitamins, creatine), proteins (whey, amino acids), rationale of intake, dietary adequacy with respect to nutrients were not reported in the study. Main reason for use was a quest for increased immunity, weight gain and increased strength. The main sources of influence were gym coaches, medical supervisors and family-friends. Most common places of purchase were stores, gym / fitness centres and the internet. The review concludes that there is further scope of researching all age groups, gender differences in supplement use, basis of goal setting, efficacy of supplements in meeting the desired goals, KAP of influencing professional, mapping constructs for capacity building and potential suggestions for policy and regulations within fitness centres, especially in the Indian context.


Keywords

Nutritional Supplements, Food Supplements, Health Supplements, Ergogenic Aids, Fitness, Health and Exercise
User
Notifications

  • Goston J.L. and Toulson Davisson Correia M.I. Intake of nutritional supplements among people exercising in gyms and influencing factors. Nutrition., 2010, 26, 604–611.

  • Massad S.J., Hamdan M., Agha H. and Amr A. Sports nutrition supplement use: Comparison between a USA and a Palestinian community. Int. J. Sci. Commer. Humanit., 2017, 5, 25–41.

  • Dreher M., Ehlert T., Simon P. and Neuberger E.W.I. Boost me: Prevalence and reasons for the use of stimulant containing pre workout supplements among fitness studio visitors in Mainz (Germany). Front. Psychol., 2018, 9, 1–12.

  • Alonso M.R. and Fernández-García B. Evolution of the use of sports supplements. PharmaNutrition., 2020, 14, 1–14.

  • Bescos R., Brookes Z.L.S., Belfield L.A., Fernandez-Sanjurjo M. and Casas-Agustench P. Modulation of oral microbiota: A new frontier in exercise supplementation. PharmaNutrition., 2020, 14, 100230.

  • Cherian K.S., Balakrishna N., Yagnambhatt V.R. and Sainoji A. Energy Balance Coexists With Disproportionate Macronutrient Consumption Across Pretraining, During Training, and Posttraining Among Indian Junior Soccer Players. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci., 2018, 30, 1–10.

  • Harty P.S., Zabriskie H.A., Erickson J.L., Molling P.E., Kerksick C.M. and Jagim A.R. Safety Implications , and Performance Outcomes?: a Brief Review. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 2018, 15, 1–28.

  • Kalpana K., Kusuma D.L., Rishi Lal P. and Khanna G.L. Effect of Spirulina on Antioxidant Status and Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress of Indian Athletes in Comparison to a Commercial Antioxidant. Asian J. Exerc. Sport. Sci., 2012, 9, 36-48.

  • Kalpana K., Kusuma D.L., Rishi Lal P. and Khanna G.L. Impact of spirulina on exercise induced oxidative stress and post exercise recovery heart rate of athletes in comparison to a commercial antioxidant. Food Nutr. J., 2017, 2, 1-7. 10. Khanna G. and Manna I. Supplementary effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on sports performance, lactate removal & cardiovascular response of athletes. Indian J. Med. Res., 2005, 121, 665-669.

  • Macaluso F., Barone R., Catanese P., Carini F., Rizzuto L., Farina F. and Di Felice V. Do fat supplements increase physical performance?. Nutrients., 2013, 5, 509–524.

  • Maughan R.J., Depiesse F. and Geyer H. The use of dietary supplements by athletes. J. Sports Sci., 2007, 25, 103–113.

  • Munn Z., Peters M., Stern C., Tufanaru C., McArthur A. and Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 2018, 143.

  • Atkinson M. Playing with fire: Masculinity, health, and sports supplements. Sociol. Sport J., 2007, 24, 165–186.

  • Malik A. Prevalence of nutritional supplements in gyms. Br. J. Sports Med., 2010, 44, i44–i44.

  • Alshammari S., AlShowair M. and AlRuhaim A. Use of hormones and nutritional supplements among gyms? attendees in Riyadh. J. Fam. Community Med., 2017, 24, 1-15.

  • Attlee A., Haider A., Hassan A., Alzamil N., Hashim M. and Obaid R.S. Dietary Supplement Intake and Associated Factors Among Gym Users in a University Community. J. Diet. Suppl., 2018, 15, 88–97.

  • Bianco A., Mammina C., Paoli A., Bellafiore M., Battaglia G., Caramazza G., Palma A. and Jemni M. Protein supplementation in strength and conditioning adepts: Knowledge, dietary behavior and practice in Palermo, Italy. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 2011, 8, 1–6.

  • Saeedi P., Taib M.N.M. and Saad H.A. Differences in socio-demographic, health-related and psychological factors between nutritional supplement users and non-users among fitness club participants in Tehran, Iran. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 2012, 22, 323–330.

  • ?auševi? D., Ormanovic S., Doder I. and Covic N. Analysis of dietary supplements usage among recreational athletes in canton Sarajevo. Homo Sport., 2017, 19, 19–23.

  • Farhat A.G. and El-Hachem C. Exercising behavior differences in users and non-users of dietary supplements by sportsmen in Lebanon. J. Sport Hum. Perform., 2015, 3, 1–17.

  • Lichtenstein M.B., Jensen E.S. and Szabo A. Exercise addiction, obsessive passion, and the use of nutritional supplements in fitness center attendees. Transl. Sport. Med., 2020, 3, 188–195.

  • Mooney R., Simonato P., Ruparelia R., Roman-Urrestarazu A., Martinotti G. and Corazza O. The use of supplements and performance and image enhancing drugs in fitness settings: A exploratory cross-sectional investigation in the United Kingdom. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 2017, 32, 1–6.

  • Sánchez Oliver A., Miranda León M.T. and Guerra-Hernández E. Prevalence of protein supplement use at gyms. Nutr. Hosp., 2011, 26, 1168–1174.

  • Thomas E., Karsten B., Sahin F.N., Ertetik G., Martines F., Leonardi V., Paoli A., Gentil P., Antonio P. and Antonino B. Protein supplement consumption is linked to time spent exercising and high-protein content foods: A multicentric observational study. Heliyon., 2019, 5, e01508.

  • Turjaka A., Ameti V., Turjaka B. and Memishi S. Reasons for application of dietary supplements in fitness. Pedagog. Psychol. Sport., 2020, 6, 20–28.

  • Abo Ali E.A. and Elgamal H.H. Use of dietary supplements among gym trainees in Tanta city, Egypt. J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc., 2016, 91, 185–191.

  • Vinnikov D., Romanova Z., Dushpanova A., Absatarova K. and Utepbergenova Z. Prevalence of supplement use in recreationally active Kazakhstan university students. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 2018, 15, 1–6.

  • Jairoun A.A., Al-Hemyari S.S., Shahwan M., El-Dahiyat F., Gacem S.A., Jairoun M. and Karamah AL-Tamimi S. What are the beliefs and behaviours related to sport nutrition supplements, particularly regarding UAE regulatory issues, among male fitness centre members in Dubai?. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal., 2020, 8, 934–938.

  • Bianco A., Mammina C., Thomas E., Ciulla F., Pupella U., Gagliardo F., Bellafiore M., Battaglia G., Paoli A. and Palma A. Protein supplements consumption: A comparative study between the city centre and the suburbs of Palermo, Italy. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 2014, 6, 1–6.

  • Andersen L.L., Tufekovic G., Zebis M.K., Crameri R.M., Verlaan G., Kjær M., Suetta C., Magnusson P. and Aagaard P. The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength. Metabolism., 2005, 54, 151–156.

  • Hassan S., Egbuna C., Tijjani H., Ifemeje J.C., Olisah M.C., Patrick-Iwuanyanwu K.C., Onyeike P.C. and Ephraim-Emmanuel B.C. Dietary Supplements: Types, Health Benefits, Industry and Regulation. pp. 23–38. Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, 33. Burke L. and Deakin V. Clinical Sports Nutrition. McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, 736 pp.

  • FSSAI Food Safety and Standards (Health Supplements, Nutraceuticals, Food For Special Dietary Use, Food For Special Medical Purpose, Functional Food And Novel Food) Regulations, 2016. 2016, 1–153.

  • Tsochas K., Lazuras L. and Barkoukis V. Psychosocial predictors of nutritional supplement use among leisure time exercisers. Perform. Enhanc. Heal., 2013, 2, 17–23.

  • Qadeer F., Fatima F., Abidi A., Hasan R., Rizvi D.A. and Arora S. Nutritional Supplement Practices of Gym Trainees in a North Indian City. Int. J. Curr. Med. Pharm. Res., 2019, 5, 4359–4362.

  • Hernández-Lepe M.A., López-Díaz J.A., Juárez-Oropeza M.A., Hernández-Torres R.P., Wall-Medrano A. and Ramos-Jiménez A. Effect of arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima supplementation and a systematic physical exercise program on the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of overweight or obese subjects: A double-blind, randomized, and crossover controlled trial. Mar. Drugs., 2018, 16, 1-13.

  • Thomson J.S., Watson P.E. and Rowlands D.S. Effects of Nine Weeks of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Supplementation on Strength and Body Composition in Resistance Trained Men. J. Strength Cond. Res., 2009, 23, 827–835.

  • Costill D. Nutrição: a base para o desempenho humano. pp. 3–306. In: Mcardle W., Katch F., & Katch V. (eds), Fisiologia do exercício, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Guanabara Koogan.

  • Rockwell M.S., Nickols-Richardson S.M. and Thye F.W. Nutrition knowledge, opinions, and practices of coaches and athletic trainers at a Division I University. Int. J. Sport Nutr., 2001, 11, 174–185.

  • Silva L. Guia alimentar para atletas. pp. 169–89. In: Biesek S., Alves L., & Guerra I. (eds), Estratégias de nutrição e suplementação no esporte, Barueri, Brazil: Manole.

  • Andrews G.J., Sudwell M.I. and Sparkes A.C. Towards a geography of fitness: An ethnographic case study of the gym in British bodybuilding culture. Soc. Sci. Med., 2005, 60, 877–891.

  • Blunt G.H. and King K.M. Health and Fitness Professionals ’ Knowledge , Attitudes , and Behaviors toward Dietary Supplements. Kentucky Assoc. Heal. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Danc. J., 2010, 13–17.

  • Maughan R.J. Quality Assurance Issues in the Use of Dietary Supplements. Jounal Nutr., 2013, 1843–1847.

  • Di Luigi L. Supplements and the Endocrine System in Athletes. Clin. Sports Med., 2008, 27, 131–151.

  • Druker I. and Gesser-Edelsburg A. Identifying and assessing views among physically-active adult gym members in Israel on dietary supplements. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 2017, 14, 1–10.

  • FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India Notification. 2022, 1-27.


Abstract Views: 214

PDF Views: 0




  • Use of Nutritional Ergogenic Aids by Adults Training for Health-Related Fitness in Gymnasia- A Scoping Review

Abstract Views: 214  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Sindhuja M
(Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 001., India
Lalita Verma
(Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 001., India
Lovely Gupta
(Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 001., India
Priti R. Lal
(Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 001., India

Abstract


Globally, availability and usage of supplements by recreational young people in gymnasia is on the rise. Although certain aspects related to nutritional ergogenic aids and supplements prescribed in traditional Indian medicine, have been reported, no comprehensive global review is yet available. This Scoping Review was, therefore conducted in view of the gaps in research, needs for capacity building of concerned professionals, strengthening of knowledge, attitudes of trainees and for policy / regulations. A total of 16 key words were framed and 5 search engines were explored for this review. Through this search procedure 278 research papers were scrutinized (from 2000-to date) of which 31 were included, highlights higher prevalence of supplement use amongst males v/s females attending gymnasia. The most used supplements were nutrients and pharmacy (multivitamins, creatine), proteins (whey, amino acids), rationale of intake, dietary adequacy with respect to nutrients were not reported in the study. Main reason for use was a quest for increased immunity, weight gain and increased strength. The main sources of influence were gym coaches, medical supervisors and family-friends. Most common places of purchase were stores, gym / fitness centres and the internet. The review concludes that there is further scope of researching all age groups, gender differences in supplement use, basis of goal setting, efficacy of supplements in meeting the desired goals, KAP of influencing professional, mapping constructs for capacity building and potential suggestions for policy and regulations within fitness centres, especially in the Indian context.


Keywords


Nutritional Supplements, Food Supplements, Health Supplements, Ergogenic Aids, Fitness, Health and Exercise

References