Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
Environmental Impact of Conventional Rice Cultivation using Life Cycle Analysis
Subscribe/Renew Journal
Rice is the staple cereal in most Asian countries. Agriculture and food production accounts for nearly a third of global GreenHouse Gas Emissions (GHGE), where rice has a significant contribution. This study quantifies the environmental impact of conventional rice cultivation using Life Cycle Analysis, which assesses every process, input and output in the cultivation system and measures the environmental impacts. The top six impacts in the production of 1000 kg paddy in one field in North East India was terrestrial toxicity (245.548 kg 1,4-DCB), global warming (144.283 Kg CO2 eq), human non-carcinogenic toxicity (83.905 kg 1,4-DCB), fossil fuel scarcity (38.760 kg oil eq.). More of such data is necessary to create a nation-wide database, so that consumers and policy makers can make proper decisions not only based on nutritional content or safety of food, but also in terms of their environmental impact.
Keywords
- IPCC. Sixth Assessment Report. United Nations, 2022. https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/
- International Standard (ISO 14040). Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Principles and Framework. International Organisation for Standardisation, 1997.
- Fawibe, O.O., Honda, K., Taguchi, Y., Oark, S. and Isoda, A. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice field cultivation with drip irrigation and plastic film mulch. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2018, 113, 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-018-9961-3
- Wurisbaugh, W.A., Paerl, H.W. and Dodds, W.K. Nutrients, eutrophication and harmful algal blooms along the freshwater to marine continuum. WIREs Water, 2019, 6, e1373. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1373
- National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (H.S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe, Eds.), 2006. IPCC. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm
- FSSAI, and FFRC. (n.d.). FAQs on Rice Fortification. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. https://ffrc.fssai.gov.in/commodity?commodity=fortified-rice
- Stockle, C.O. Environmental impact of irrigation: A review. IV international congress of agricultural engineering. 2001. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8321f0dbb29814bd74e6bc858210809ca847a227
- EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1995a.
- EPA. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables. Annual FY-95, prepared for the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, Ohio. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1995b.
- Norris, J.C. Formal toxicity summary for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The Risk Assessment Information System, 1998. https://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/1_4_dichlorobenzene_f_V1.html#t3
- Tubiello, F.N., Karl, K., Flammini, A., Gütschow, J., Obli-Laryea, G., Conchedda, G., Pan, X., Qi, S.Y., Heiðarsdóttir, H.H., Wanner, N., Quadrelli, R., Souza, L.R., Benoit, P., Hayek, M., Sandalow, D., Contreras, E.M., Rosenzweig, C., Moncayo, J.R., Conforti, P. and Torero, M. Pre- and post-production processes increasingly dominate greenhouse gas emissions from agri-food systems. Earth System Science Data, 2022, 14, 1795-1809. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1795-2022
- FAO. Greenhouse gas emissions from agri food systems. Global, regional and country trends, 2000–2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2022. https://www.fao.org/food-agriculture-statistics/data-release/data-release-detail/en/c/1616127/
Abstract Views: 289
PDF Views: 0