The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Pectic Polysaccharides have Relatively Potent Immunomodulatory Activity Compared to their Hydrolysates from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Husk


Affiliations
1 CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Department of Biochemistry, Mysuru, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


In the present study, the immunomodulatory effects of Pectic Polysaccharides (PPs) extracted sequentially using ammonium oxalate and ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (PP-AO and PP-EDTA) and their oligosaccharides (PO-AO and PO-EDTA) from chickpea husk, characterized in our previous study, was investigated using the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 at different concentrations. Results showed that treatment with 12.5-100 μg/mL of PP-AO, PP-EDTA, PO-AO and PO-EDTA stimulated macrophage proliferation, nitric oxide production and phagocytosis. The proliferation rate was observed to be increased as the production of nitric oxide increased at time intervals of 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Furthermore, TNF-α, IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokine expression profiles were measured by ELISA 24 h following the treatment. Pectic Polysaccharides (PPs) and Pectic Oligosaccharides (POs), demonstrated an elevation in cytokine levels as compared to control. Pectic polysaccharide extracts (PP-AO and PP-EDTA) are relatively potent immunomodulatory complex by inducing iNOS expression as compared to their respective hydrolysates (PO-AO and PO-EDTA) may be due to a high degree of polymerization or high amount of uronic acid as well as acetyl groups. The presence of higher content of complex xylogalacturonan with relatively more galactan side chains of PP-AO compared to EDTA isolated PPs (data not shown) made them exhibit as a potent immunomodulatory. These results suggest that pectic polysaccharides from chickpea husk can improve immunity by enhancing immune function and could be explored as a potential immunomodulatory agent in functional foods.

Keywords

Chickpea husk, pectic polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, immunomodulation, macrophage, phagocytosis
User
Notifications

  • Schepetkin, I.A., Faulkner, C.L., Nelson-Overton, L.K., Wiley, J.A. and Quinn, M.T. Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Juniperus scopolorum. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2005, 5, 1783–1799.

  • Fang, X.X. and Chen. Structure elucidation and immunological activity of a novel pectic polysaccharide from the stems of Avicennia marina. Eur. Fd Res. Technol., 2013, 236, 243–248.

  • Ghildyal, P., Gronhaug, T.E., Rusten, A.M. and Paulsen, B.S. Chemical composition and immunological activities of polysaccharides isolated from the Malian medicinal plant Syzygium guineense. J. Pharmacogn. Phytother., 2010, 2, 76–85.

  • Wang, M.P., Zhu, S., Zhao, C., Nie, N., Wang, X., Du, Y. and Zhou. Characterization, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from the swollen culms of Zizania latifolia. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2017, 95, 809–817.

  • Jarvis, M.C. Structure and properties of pectin gels in plant cell walls, Pla Cell Environ., 1984, 7, 153–164.

  • Willats, W.G.T., McCartney, L., Mackie, W. and Knox, J.P. Pectin: cell biology and prospects for functional analysis. Plant Mol. Biol., 2001, 47, 9–27.

  • Ralet, M.C., Cabrera, J.C., Bonnin, E.B., Quéméner, P., Hellìn and Thibault, J.F. Mapping sugar beet pectin acetylation pattern. Phytochem., 2005, 66, 1832–1843.

  • Inngjerdingen, K.T., Debes, S.C., Inngjerdingen, M., Hokputsa, S., Harding, S.E., Rolstad, B., Michaelsen, T.E., Diallo, D. and Paulsen, B.S. Bioactive pectic polysaccharides from Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., a Malian medicinal plant, isolation and partial characterization. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2005, 101, 204–214.

  • Khramova, D.S., Golovchenko, V.V., Shashkov, A.S., Otgonbayar, D., Chimidsogzol, A. and Ovodov, Y.S. Chemical composition and immunomodulatory activity of a pectic polysaccharide from the ground thistle Cirsium esculentum Siev. Fd. Chem, 2011, 126, 870–877.

  • Ovodova, R.G., Golovchenko, V.V., Shashkov, A.S., Popov, S.V. and Ovodov, Y.S. Structural studies and physiological activity of lemnan, a pectin from Lemna minor L. Russ. J. Bioorganic Chem., 2000, 26, 669–676.

  • Tosh, S.M. and Yada, S. Dietary fibres in pulse seeds and fractions: Characterization, functional attributes, and applications. Fd. Res. Int., 2010, 43, 450–460.

  • Gulfi, M., Arrigoni, E. and Amadò, R. In vitro fermentability of a pectin fraction rich in hairy regions. Carbohydr. Polym., 2007, 67, 410–416.

  • Knaup, B., Kempf, M., Fuchs, J., Valotis, A., Kahle, K., Oehme, A., Richling, E. and Schreier, P. Model experiments mimicking the human intestinal transit and metabolism of D-galacturonic acid and amidated pectin. Mol. Nutr. Fd Res., 2008, 52, 840–848.

  • Voragen, A.G.J., Coenen, G.J., Verhoef, R.P. and Schols, H.A. Pectin, a versatile polysaccharide present in plant cell walls. Struct. Chem., 2009, 20, 263.

  • Bohn, J.A. and BeMiller, J.N. (13)--d-Glucans as biological response modifiers: a review of structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohydr. Polym., 1995, 28, 3–14.

  • Sletmoen, M. and Stokke, B.T. Higher order structure of (1,3)-beta-D-glucans and its influence on their biological activities and complexation abilities. Biopolymers., 2008, 89, 310–321.

  • Salimath, P.V. and Tharanathan, R.N. Carbohydrates of field bean (Dolichos lablab). Cereal Chem., 1982, 59, 430–435.

  • Muralikrishna, G. and Tharanathan, R.N. Characterization of pectic polysaccharides from pulse husks. Fd. Chem., 1994, 50, 87–89.

  • Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods., 1983, 65, 55–63.

  • Moshage, H., Kok, B., Huizenga, J.R. and Jansen, P.L. Nitrite and nitrate determinations in plasma: a critical evaluation. Clin. Chem., 1995, 41, 892–896.

  • Yi Y., Zhang, M.W., Liao, S.T., Zhang, R.F., Deng, Y.Y., Wei, Z.C., Tang, X.J. and Zhang, Y. Structural features and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides of longan pulp. Carbohydr. Polym., 2012, 87, 636–643.

  • Chen, X., Nie, W., Yu, G., Li, Y., Hu, Y., Lu, J. and Jin, L. Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme. Fd. Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50, 695–700.

  • Schepetkin, I.A. and Quinn, M.T. Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2006, 6, 317–333.

  • Wang, Z.B., Chen, B.B., Luo, L. and Yan, J.K. Fractionation, physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharides from Pueraria lobata ischolar_mains. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 2016, 67, 54–60.

  • Yao, Y., Zhu, Y. and Ren, G. Immunoregulatory activities of polysaccharides from mung bean. Carbohydr. Polym., 2016, 139, 61–66.

  • Na, Y.S., Kim, W.J., Kim, S.M., Park, J.K., Lee, S.M., Kim, S.O., Synytsya, A. and Park, Y.I. Purification, characterization and immunostimulating activity of water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Capsosiphon fulvescens. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2010, 10, 364–370.

  • Patra, P., Das, D., Behera, B., Maity, T. and Islam, S.S. Structure elucidation of an immuno enhancing pectic polysaccharide isolated from aqueous extract of pods of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Carbohydr. Polym., 2012, 87, 2169-2175.

  • Ghoneum, M. and Matsuura, M. Augmentation of macrophage phagocytosis by modified arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/biobran). Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 2004, 17, 283–292.

  • Zheng, W., Zhao, T., Feng, W., Wang, W., Zou, Y., Zheng, D., Takase, M., Li, Q., Wu, H., Yang, L. and Wu, X. Purification, characterization and immunomodulating activity of a polysaccharide from flowers of Abelmoschus esculentus. Carbohydr. Polym., 2014, 106, 335–342.

  • Bao, X., Duan, J., Fang, X. and Fang, J. Chemical modifications of the (1→3)-alpha-Dglucan from spores of Ganoderma lucidum and investigation of their physicochemical properties and immunological activity. Carbohydr. Res., 2001, 336, 127–140.

  • Ferreira, S.S., Passos, C.P., Madureira, P., Vilanova, M. and Coimbra, M.A. Structure– function relationships of immunostimulatory polysaccharides: A review. Carbohydr. Polym., 2015, 132, 378–396.

  • Adachi, K., Nanba, H. and Kuroda, H. Potentiation of host-mediated antitumor activity in mice by beta-glucan obtained from Grifola frondosa (maitake). Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)., 1987, 35, 262–270.

  • Bonta, I.L. and Ben-Efraim, S. Involvement of inflammatory mediators in macrophage antitumor activity. J. Leukoc. Biol., 1993, 54, 613–626.

  • Baugh, J.A. and Bucal, R. Mechanisms for modulating TNF alpha in immune and inflammatory disease. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel., 2001, 4, 635–650.

  • Satitmanwiwat, S., Ratanakhanokchai, K., Laohakunjit, N., Chao, L.K., Chen, S.T., Pason, P., Tachaapaikoon, C. and Kyu, K.L. Improved purity and immunostimulatory activity of β-(1→3)(1→6)-glucan from Pleurotus sajor-caju using cell wall-degrading enzymes. J. Agric. Fd. Chem., 2012, 60, 5423–5430.


Abstract Views: 452

PDF Views: 2




  • Pectic Polysaccharides have Relatively Potent Immunomodulatory Activity Compared to their Hydrolysates from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Husk

Abstract Views: 452  |  PDF Views: 2

Authors

Shakuntala Sathyanarayana
CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Department of Biochemistry, Mysuru, India
Puttaswamy Pramod Kumar
CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Department of Biochemistry, Mysuru, India
Keelara Veerappa Harish Prashanth
CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Department of Biochemistry, Mysuru, India

Abstract


In the present study, the immunomodulatory effects of Pectic Polysaccharides (PPs) extracted sequentially using ammonium oxalate and ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (PP-AO and PP-EDTA) and their oligosaccharides (PO-AO and PO-EDTA) from chickpea husk, characterized in our previous study, was investigated using the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 at different concentrations. Results showed that treatment with 12.5-100 μg/mL of PP-AO, PP-EDTA, PO-AO and PO-EDTA stimulated macrophage proliferation, nitric oxide production and phagocytosis. The proliferation rate was observed to be increased as the production of nitric oxide increased at time intervals of 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Furthermore, TNF-α, IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokine expression profiles were measured by ELISA 24 h following the treatment. Pectic Polysaccharides (PPs) and Pectic Oligosaccharides (POs), demonstrated an elevation in cytokine levels as compared to control. Pectic polysaccharide extracts (PP-AO and PP-EDTA) are relatively potent immunomodulatory complex by inducing iNOS expression as compared to their respective hydrolysates (PO-AO and PO-EDTA) may be due to a high degree of polymerization or high amount of uronic acid as well as acetyl groups. The presence of higher content of complex xylogalacturonan with relatively more galactan side chains of PP-AO compared to EDTA isolated PPs (data not shown) made them exhibit as a potent immunomodulatory. These results suggest that pectic polysaccharides from chickpea husk can improve immunity by enhancing immune function and could be explored as a potential immunomodulatory agent in functional foods.

Keywords


Chickpea husk, pectic polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, immunomodulation, macrophage, phagocytosis

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2019.56.2.22687