Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
Dietary Fats Discriminate Risk for Abdominal Obesity and Glucose Metabolism among Urban Affluent Adult Males in Pune, India
Subscribe/Renew Journal
Indian diets have not been thoroughly investigated despite the fact that 'Nutrition Transition' parallels a rapidly escalating epidemic of obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases. Data on socio-economic background, dietary intake, BMI, Body Fat, Waist Circumference (WC), Abdominal Circumference (AC) and fasting blood estimations were recorded on 302 affluent men (30-60 years) in a cross-sectional study in Pune, India. Average daily calorie intake was lower (1714.7 ± 442 kcal) than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (ICMR, 2010) while mean fat (45.8 ± 19.1 g), carbohydrate (279.2 ± 68.3 g) and protein intakes (46.5 ± 15.1 g) were comparable. Increase in mean WC and AC (3.9 cm), in prevalence of overall obesity (49.4% to 65.4%) and in prevalence of abdominal obesity (24.7% to 40.7%) was significant (p<0.05 for all) across tertiles of total calories. But with increase in fat intake, it was only the prevalence of abdominal obesity that increased significantly (23.2% to 39.5%; p<0.05). Subjects having higher calorie intake (>1816 kcal/d) had two times higher risk for overall and abdominal adiposity while subjects having higher fat intake (>50g/d) had two times higher risk for abdominal obesity alone. Fat density but not carbohydrate, was sensitive as the prevalence of high Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), significantly (p<0.05) increased (20.2% to 42.9%) with its increase. Additionally, the risk of high FBG was about 3 times higher (p<0.01) for high fat density (>30%). Thus, high fat density but not carbohydrate density may be an important causative factor for high rates of abdominal obesity and disturbed glucose metabolism in India.
Keywords
Overall Obesity, Abdominal Obesity, Fat Density, Fasting Blood Glucose.
User
Information
- Popkin, B.M. and Gordon-Larsen, P. The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int. J. Obes., 2004, 28, S2-S9.
- Gopalan, C. Nutrition in developmental transition in South-East Asia. World Health Organization Regional Health paper, SEARO, New Delhi, 1992, 21, 15-16.
- National Sample Survey Organization. Nutritional intake in India 1999-2000. New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, 2001, NSS Report No. 471, 15-21.
- Deaton, A. and Drèze, J. Food and Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations. Econ. Polit. Weekly, 2009, 7, 42-65.
- Bray, G.A. and Popkin, B.M. Dietary fat intake does affect obesity! Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1998, 68, 1157-1173.
- Klein, S., Allison, D.B., Heymsfield, S.B. et al. Waist circumference and cardio metabolic risk: a consensus statement from shaping America’s Health: Association for weight management and obesity prevention; NAASO, The Obesity Society; The American Society for Nutrition and the American Diabetes Association. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2007, 85, 1197-1202.
- Lean, M.E., Han, T.S. and Morrison, L.E. Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. Brit. Med. J., 1995, 311, 158-161.
- Henry, J.B. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 20th ed., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2001, 213-235.
- Rao, S. Nutritive value of some Indian food preparations. Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 1999.
- Gopalan, C., Rama Sastri, B.V. and Balasubramanian, S.C. Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. Revised and updated by Narasinga Rao, B.S., Deosthale, Y.G. and Pant, K.C. Hyderabad: National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, 2007.
- World Health Organization. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and its Treatment. World Health Organization (WHO)/International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO)/International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), Health Communication PTY Ltd., Australia, 2000, 1-25.
- Lohman, T.G., Houtkooper, L. and Going, S.B. Body fat measurements goes high tech (Not all are created equal). ACSM Health Fitness J., 1997, 1, 30-35.
- World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist to Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 2011, 14-20.
- World Health Organization (WHO)/International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycemia. Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation, Geneva, 2006, 1-3.
- Matthews, D.R., Hosker, J.P. Rudenski, A.S. et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetol., 1985, 28, 412-419.
- ICMR. Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians. A Report of the Expert Council of the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 2010, 66.
- World Health Organization. Preparation of food based dietary guidelines: Report of joint FAO/WHO consultation. WHO Technical Report Series no. 880, Geneva, 1998, 53.
- Reddy, K.S., Prabhakaran, D. Shah, P. et al. Difference in body mass index and waist:hip ratios in North Indian rural and urban populations. Obes. Rev., 2002, 3, 197-202.
- Gupta, M., Patil, R., Khan, M.I. et al. The prevalence of obesity and hypertension in urban Tamil Nadu. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2011, 5, 586-588.
- Iyer, U., Elayath, N., Desai, P. Comparative prevalence of non-communicable diseases in the adult population of Vadodara and Godhra in Gujarat and determinants of diabetes mellitus in the population. Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm., 2011, 2, 346-352.
- Daniel, C.R., Prabhakaran, D., Kapur, K. et al. A cross sectional investigation of regional patterns of diet and cardio-metabolic risk in India. Nutr. J., 2011, 10, 12.
- Pandey, D., Bhatia, V., Boddula, R. et al. Validation and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to assess energy and fat intake in affluent North Indians. Natl. Med. J. India, 2005, 18, 230-241.
- Bharathi, A.V., Kurpad, A.V., Thomas, T. et al. Development of food frequency questionnaire and a nutrient database for the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) pilot study in South India: Methodological issues. Asia. Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 2008, 17, 178-185.
- Radhika, G., Sathya, R.M., Sudha, V. et al. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban South Indian population (CURES-53). J. Assoc. Physicians India, 2007, 55, 405-411.
- Duvigneaud, N., Wijndaele, K., Matton, L. et al. Dietary factors associated with obesity indicators and level of sports participation in Flemish adults: A cross sectional study. Nutr. J., 2007, 6, 26.
- Singh, R.B., Ghosh, S., Beegom, R. et al. Prevalence and determinants of central obesity and age specific waist:hip ratio of people in five cities: the Indian Women’s Health Study. J. Cardiovasc. Risk, 1998, 5, 73-77.
- Beegom, R., Beegom, R., Niaz, M.A. et al. Diet, central obesity and prevalence of hypertension in the urban population of South India. Int. J. Cardiol., 1995, 51, 183-191.
- Ghosh, A., Bose, K. and Chaudhari, A.B.D. Association of food patterns, central obesity measures and metabolic risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in middle aged Bengalee Hindu men, Calcutta, India. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 2003, 12, 166-171.
- Bjorntorp, P. Visceral obesity: a "civilization syndrome". Obes. Res., 1993, 1, 206-222.
- Popkin, B.M. Global nutrition dynamics: The world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with non communicable diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2006, 84, 289-298.
- Mayer, E.J., Newman, B., Quesenberry Jr, C.P. et al. Visual dietary fat intake and insulin concentrations in healthy women twins. Diabetes Care, 1993, 16, 1459-1469.
- Marshall, J.A., Hoag, S., Shetterly, S. et al. Dietary fat predicts conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 1994, 17, 50-56.
- World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO consultation. WHO Technical Report Series no. 894, Geneva, 2000, 1-142.
Abstract Views: 337
PDF Views: 0