The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Adverse Anthropometric Profile and Blood Pressure among Young (<40 yrs) Urban Adult Males from Pune, India


Affiliations
1 Society for Initiatives in Nutrition and Development, Pune, India
2 International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


High prevalence rates of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs), particularly hypertension and the precedence in its age at onset in developing countries including India, demands identification of risk factors especially among urban young populations. Working young males from Pune, India (n=254) were measured for weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC) Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), Body Fat (BF), Visceral Fat (VF) and blood pressure; 72.5% were overweight, 48.4 % were obese (BMI≥25) while 68.9% were obese using body fat criterion. Central obesity (WC≥90) was 38.2% and was almost half of overall obesity. BMI was significantly (p<0.001) associated with WC and central obesity increased significantly (p<0.01) as BMI increased from lowest to highest (6% to 76.5%) tertile. Mean SBP was 121.9±10.4 mmHg and mean DBP was 79.9±8.6 mmHg while prevalence of hypertension (HTN) was high (25.6%) especially due to High Diastolic (22.4%) Blood Pressure (HDBP). Overweight and obese subjects had significantly (p<0.001) higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels but prevalence of HTN showed significant association only with BMI and VF but not with WC,WHR or BF indicating the importance of body fat distribution. In particular, subjects in the highest tertile of BMI had significantly (p<0.01) higher risk for HTN (OR 3.1, CI:1.5-6.2) and HDBP (OR 3.2, CI:1.5-7.0). This was also true for subjects in highest tertile of VF. Preventing obesity among young adults through modifiable factors associated with BMI and VF is necessary for reducing substantial amount of cardiovascular disease mortality.

Keywords

Overweight, Obesity, Hypertension, Young Adults.
User
Notifications

  • Shetty, P.S. Nutrition transition in India. Pub. Health Nutr., 2002, 5, 175-182.

  • Griffiths, P.L. and Bentley, M.E. The nutrition transition is underway in India. J. Nutr., 2001, 131, 2692–2700.

  • Chadha, S.L., Gopinath, N. and Shekhawat, S. Urban-rural differences in the prevalence of coronary heart disease and its risk factors in Delhi. Bull. World Health Org., 1997, 75, 31-38.

  • Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Dharmaraj, D. and Vishwanathan, M. Prevalence of glucose intolerance in Asian Indians: urban-rural difference and significance of upper body adiposity. Diab. Care, 1992, 15, 1348–1355.

  • Gupta, R., Sarna, M., Thanvi, J., Rastogi, P., Kaul, V. and Gupta, V.P. High prevalence of multiple coronary risk factors in Punjabi Bhatia Community: Jaipur Heart Watch - 3. Ind. Heart J., 2004, 56, 646-652.

  • Misra, A., Vikram, N.K., Gupta, R., Pandey, R.M., Wasir, J.S. and Gupta, V.P. Waist circumference cutoff points and action levels for Asian Indians for identification of abdominal obesity. Int. J. Obes., 2006, 30, 106-111.

  • World Health Organization. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and its Treatment. World Health Organization (WHO) / International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO) / International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Health Communication Australia PTY Ltd. 2000, pp. 1-25.

  • Misra, A. and Vikram, N.K. Insulin resistance syndrome (metabolic syndrome) and Asian Indians. Curr. Sci., 2002, 83, 1483-1496.

  • Deurenberg, P., Deurenberg-Yap, M. and Guricci, S. Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship. Obes. Rev., 2002, 3, 141-146.

  • Misra, A. and Khurana, L. Obesity related non-communicable diseases: South Asians vs. White Caucasians. IJOB., 2011, 35, 167-187.

  • Eastern Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease Collaborative Research Group. Blood pressure, cholesterol and stroke in Eastern Asia. Lancet, 1998; 352, 1801-1807.

  • Lohman, T.G., Houtkooper, L. and Going, S.B. Body fat measurements goes high tech. (Not all are created equal). ACSM Health Fitness J., 1997, 1, 30-35.

  • World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Non communicable Diseases. WHO, Geneva. 2010, p.vii.

  • Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L. Black, H.R., et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. JAMA, 2003, 289, 2560-2572.

  • Reddy, K.S., Prabhakaran, D., Shah, P. and Shah, B. Difference in body mass index and waist:hip ratios in North Indian rural and urban populations. Obe. Rev., 2002, 3, 197-202.

  • Gupta, M., Patil, R., Khan, M.I. and Gupta, S.K. The prevalence of obesity and hypertension in urban Tamilnadu. J. Clin. Diag. Res., 2011, 5, 586-588.

  • Iyer, U., Elayath, N. and Desai, P. Comparative prevalence of non-communicable diseases in the adult population of Vadodara and Godhra in Gujarat and determinants of diabetes mellitus in the population. Int. J. App. Bio. Pharma. Technol., 2011, 2, 346-352.

  • Gopalan, C. Obesity in the Indian Urban ‘Middle Class’. Nutr. Found. Ind. Bull., 1998, 19, 1-4.

  • Mohan, V., Shanthirani, S., Deepa, R., Premalatha, G., Sastry, N.G. and Saroja, R. Intraurban differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in southern India - the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS No. 4). Diab. Med., 2001, 18, 280-287.

  • Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Kapur, A., Vijay, V., Mohan, V., Das, A.K., Rao, P.V., Yajnik, C.S., Prasanna Kumar, K.M. and Nair, J.D. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey. Diabetologia, 2001, 44, 1094-1101.

  • Kaur, P., Radhakrishnan, E., Sankarasubbaiyan, S., Rao, S.R., Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, S., Rao, T. V. et al. A comparison of anthropometric indices for predicting hypertension and type 2 diabetes in male industrial population of Chennai, South India. Ethn. Dis,, 2008, 18, 31-36.

  • Ganeshkumar, S. and N. Deivanai Sundaram. Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among bank employees in urban Puducherry, India. Int. J. Occup. Environ., 2014, 5, 94-100.

  • Shanthirani, C.S., Pradeepa, R., Deepa, R., Premalatha, G., Saroja, R. and Mohan, V. Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in a selected South Indian population – the Chennai Urban Population Study. J. Assoc. Physi. Ind., 2003, 51, 20-27.

  • Yu Chiba, Shigeyuki Saitoh, Satoru Takagi, Hirofumi Ohnishi et al. Relationship between visceral fat and cardiovascular disease risk factors: The Tanno and Sobetsu Study. Hypertens. Res., 2007, 30, 229–236.

  • Nakamura, T., Tokunaga, K., Shimomura, I., et al. Contribution of visceral fat accumulation to the development of coronary artery disease in non-obese men. Atherosclerosis, 1994, 107, 239–246.

  • Misra, A., Vikram, N.K., Gupta, R., Pandey, R.M., Wasir, J.S. and Gupta, V.P. Waist circumference cutoff points and action levels for Asian Indians for identification of abdominal obesity. Int. J. Obes., 2006, 30, 106-111.

  • Friedl, K.E. Waist circumference threshold values for type 2 diabetes risk. J. Diabet. Sci. Technol., 2009, 3, 761-769.

  • Barker, D.J.P. In vitro programming of chronic disease. Clin. Sci., 1998, 95, 115-128.

  • World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series No. 916, 2003, Geneva, World Health Organization.


Abstract Views: 417

PDF Views: 0




  • Adverse Anthropometric Profile and Blood Pressure among Young (<40 yrs) Urban Adult Males from Pune, India

Abstract Views: 417  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Shobha Rao
Society for Initiatives in Nutrition and Development, Pune, India
Pooja Gaigaware
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Amol P. Mankar
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India

Abstract


High prevalence rates of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs), particularly hypertension and the precedence in its age at onset in developing countries including India, demands identification of risk factors especially among urban young populations. Working young males from Pune, India (n=254) were measured for weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC) Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), Body Fat (BF), Visceral Fat (VF) and blood pressure; 72.5% were overweight, 48.4 % were obese (BMI≥25) while 68.9% were obese using body fat criterion. Central obesity (WC≥90) was 38.2% and was almost half of overall obesity. BMI was significantly (p<0.001) associated with WC and central obesity increased significantly (p<0.01) as BMI increased from lowest to highest (6% to 76.5%) tertile. Mean SBP was 121.9±10.4 mmHg and mean DBP was 79.9±8.6 mmHg while prevalence of hypertension (HTN) was high (25.6%) especially due to High Diastolic (22.4%) Blood Pressure (HDBP). Overweight and obese subjects had significantly (p<0.001) higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels but prevalence of HTN showed significant association only with BMI and VF but not with WC,WHR or BF indicating the importance of body fat distribution. In particular, subjects in the highest tertile of BMI had significantly (p<0.01) higher risk for HTN (OR 3.1, CI:1.5-6.2) and HDBP (OR 3.2, CI:1.5-7.0). This was also true for subjects in highest tertile of VF. Preventing obesity among young adults through modifiable factors associated with BMI and VF is necessary for reducing substantial amount of cardiovascular disease mortality.

Keywords


Overweight, Obesity, Hypertension, Young Adults.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2016.53.2.4300