The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Proximate, Physico-Chemical, Nutritive and Anti-Nutritive Assessment of Raw, Boiled and Roasted Kernels of Anacardium occidentale L. var. W210


Affiliations
1 Department of Botany, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai - 600 054, Tamil Nadu, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an evergreen perennial tree, originated from Brazil and now widely grown in the tropics. Cashew is a wonder tree crop, where almost all parts of the tree ranging from roots to apples and nuts are used in various fields. The aim of the present investigation is to analyse the kernels (nuts), var. W210 for understanding its proximate, physico-chemical, nutritive and anti-nutritive aspects in three forms, viz., raw, roasted and boiled state. The roasted samples are comparatively rich in crude carbohydrate (43.26±0.86 g), crude protein (22.80±1.22 g) and calorific value (498.32±1.64 k. cal). Highest lipid and fibre content is reported in raw sample as (33.02±0.94 g) and (8.56±1.62 g) respectively. Moisture content (16.65 ±1.88 g) is the highest to be reported in boiled sample. From the results, it has been clearly understood, that the minerals except iron, are rich in roasted than the other two forms. Roasted sample showed the maximum value of nitrogen (3.66±0.47 g), potassium of about 676.3±0.86 mg, calcium of 75.5±0.44 mg, magnesium of 355.4±0.50 mg and phosphorus of 398.6±1.78 mg/100 g. The iron content was high in raw sample of about 7.73±0.77 mg comparatively. The physico-chemical analysis shows that the total ash content was high in roasted sample which is recorded as 3.05±0.82 g. Other parameters such as acid insoluble ash, water-soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive values are found higher in roasted state. The results of anti-nutrient analysis gives a transparent idea that the raw sample has high content of phytic acid (0.445±0.004%), tannins (0.787±0.005%), saponins (0.101±0.003%) and oxalate (0.099±0.004%). The study addresses the nutritional and the anti-nutritional aspect of A. occidentale in its three forms and from the results obtained, we can conclude that the roasted form of seeds are found to be nutritionally superior for consumption as foods for humans.

Keywords

Cashew, Proximate, Minerals, Physico-chemical and Anti-nutrients
User
Notifications

  • Rosengarten, F. The Book of Edible Nuts. Walker and Company, New York., 1984.

  • Woodroof, J.G. Tree nuts: Production, Processing and Products. Vol.1. Av. Publ. Co. Incorporation, U.K., 1979.

  • Acland, J.D. The interpretation of the serum protein-bound iodine: A review. J. Clin. Pathol., 1971, 24, 187-218.

  • Orhevba, B.A. and Yusuf, I.B. Effect of roasting temperature on nutritional quality of cashew nut (Anacardium Occidentale). Int. J. Sci.Technol. Res., 2016, 5, 182-184.

  • Trox, J., Vadivel, V., Vetter, W., Stuetz, W., Scherbaum, V., Gola, U., Nohr, D. and Biesalski, H. K. Bioactive compounds in cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) seeds: Effect of different shelling Methods. J. Agric. Fd. Chem., 2010, 58, 5341-5346.

  • Kris-etherton, P.M., Hu, F.B., Ros, E. and Sabate, J. The role of tree nuts and peanuts in the prevention of coronary heart disease : Multiple potential mechanisms. J. Nutr., 2008, 1746-1751.

  • Estruch, R.E., Ros, M.I., Covas, D., Corella, F., Arós, E., Gómez-Gracia, Gutierrez, V.R., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., Raventos, R.M.L., Majem, L.S., Pinto, X., Basora, J., Munoz, M.A., Sorli, J.V., Martinez, J.A., Gonzalez, M.A.M. and PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N. Engl. J. Med., 2013, 368, 1279-1290.

  • Kendall, C.W., Esfahani, A., Josse, A.R., Augustin, L.S., Vidgen, E. and Jenkins, D.J. The glycemic effect of nut-enriched meals in healthy and diabetic subjects. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 2011, 21, S34-S39.

  • Carey, A.N., Poulose, S.M. and Shukitt-Hale, B. The Beneficial effects of tree nuts on the aging brain. Nutr. Aging., 2012, 1, 55-67.

  • Soares, D.J., Vasconcelos, P.H.M., Camelo, A.L.M., Longhinotti, E., Sousa, P.H.M. and Figueiredo, R.W. Prevalent fatty acids in cashew nuts obtained from conventional and organic cultivation in different stages of processing. Fd. Sci. Technol., 2013, 33, 265-270.

  • Lim, T.K. Anacardium occidentale. In: Edible Medicinal and Non-medicinal Plants, Springer, Netherlands, 2012, 45-68.

  • Liu, Kumar G.G., Katuland Porporato. Reduced resilience as a potential early warning signal of forest mortality. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana., 2018.

  • Akande, T.O. and Gbadamosi, F.A. Feeding value of defatted cashew kernel as an alternative protein source in broiler diets. Niger. J. Anim. Prod., 2020, 45, 39-45.

  • Liaotrakoon, W., Namhong, T., Yu, C.H. and Chen, H.H. Impact of roasting on the changes in Composition and quality of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale ) oil. Int. Fd. Res. J., 2016, 23, 986-991.

  • Joker, D. Information about Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale). Davida Forest Seed Centre., 2003.

  • Adeigbe, O.O., Olasupo, F.O., Adewale, B.D. and Muyiwa, A.A. A review on cashew research and production in Nigeria in the last four decades. SRE., 2015, 10, 196-209.

  • Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Official Method of Analysis, AOAC, Gaithersburg, USA, 17th edition, 2003.

  • Tang, P.N., Ye, Y. and Chan, W. Analysis of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in cashew nut, nutmeg, apricot seed, and pine nut samples: Re-evaluating the uniqueness of 2-alkylcyclobutanones for irradiated food identification. J. Agric Fd. Chem., 2013, 61, 9950-9954.

  • Harborne. Book Reviews. Biotechnic and Histochem., 2005, 80, 105-107.

  • Indian Pharmacopoeia. Vol I (A-O) and (P-Z); WHO/QCMMPM, 1992. Controller of Publications, 1996.

  • Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P. and Gokhale, S.B. Pharmacognosy. Ed 31st, NiraliPrakashan, 1997, 595-597.

  • Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials (QCMMPMN). WHO, Geneva., 1998.

  • Hiai, S., Oura, H., Odaka, Y. and Nakajima, T. A colorimetric estimation of ginseng saponins. Planta Med., 1975, 28, 363-369.

  • Day, R. A. and Underwood, A.L. Quantitative analysis 5th ed. Prentice. Hall publication., 1986, P. 701

  • Chinma, Chiemela and Igyor M.A. Micronutrient and anti-nutritional contents of selected tropical vegetables grown in South East, Nigeria. Niger Fd. J., 2007, 25, 25.

  • Ihekoronye, A.I. Quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of amino acids in enzymic hydrolysates of food proteins. J. Sci. Fd. Agric., 1985, 36, 1004-1012.

  • Yufang Hou, Yubao Hou, Liu Yanyan, Guang Qin and Jichang Li. Extraction and purification of a lectin from red kidney bean and preliminary immune function studies of the lectin and four Chinese herbal polysaccharides. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2010, 1-9.

  • Amaral, R., Liberio, S.A., Amaral, F.M.M., Raquel, F., Maria, L., Torres, B. and Luis, S. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Anacardium occidentale L. flowers in comparison to bark and leaves extracts. J. Biosci. Med., 2016, 4, 87-99.

  • Ryan, E., Galvin, K., O’Connor, T.P., Maguire, A.R. and O’Brien, N.M. Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, Squalene and phytosterol content of Brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts. Int. J. Fd. Sci. Nutr., 2006, 57, 219-228.

  • Olalekan-Adeniran, M.A. and Ogunwolu, S.O. Comparative quality evaluation of oven-roasted and honey-coated cashew (Anarcadium occidentale L.) nut produced using locally fabricated cashew nut processing machine in Nigeria. IJEAB., 2018, 3, 1796-1803.

  • Abubakar Shariefa, Abubakar Hadiza and Ladan, J. Evaluation of nutrient content of raw and roasted cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) kernel. BEST., 2018, 15, 41-46.

  • Omosuli, S.V., Adewale, T.I., Dare, O., Agbaje, R. and Bolanle, J.O. Proximate and mineral composition of roasted and defatted cashew nut (Anarcadium occidentale) flour. Pak. J. Nutr., 2009, 8, 1649-1651.

  • Achal. Cashew: Nutrition and Medicinal Value. Colarado State University., 2002, 159-165.

  • Okonkwo, C.O. and Ozoude, U.J. The impact of processing on the nutritional, mineral and vitamin composition of palm seed nut (Elaeisguineensis). Afr. J. Fd. Sci., 2015, 9, 504-507.

  • Akinhanmi, T.F., Atasie, V.N. and Akintokun, P.O. Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) oil and cashew nut shell liquid. J. Fd. Agric. Environ., 2008, 2, 1-10.

  • Ekholm, P., Reinivuo, H., Mattila, P., Pakkala, H., Koponen, J., Happonen, A., Hellstrom, H. and Ovaskainen, M.J. Changes in the mineral and trace element contents of cereals, fruits and vegetables in Finland. J. Fd. Compos. Anal., 2007, 20, 487-495.

  • Olaofe, O.F. and Sanni, C.O. Mineral contents of agriculture products. Fd. Chem., 1988, 30, 73-79

  • Nieman, D.C., Butter W. and Nieman, C.H. Nutrition: Wm(pp. 9,540) Dubuque, IA:C Brown Publishers.

  • Aremu, M.O., Olonisakin, A., Bako, D.A. and Madu, P.C. Compositional studies and physicochemical characteristics of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) flour. Pak. J. Nutr., 2006, 5, 328-333.

  • Fagbemi, T.N. The influence of processing techniques on the energy, ash properties and elemental Composition of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). Nutr. Fd. Sci., 2008, 38, 136-145.

  • Segura, R., Javierre, C., Lizarraga, M.A. and Ros, E. Other relevant components of nuts: Phytosterols, folate and minerals. BJN., 2006, 96, 536-544.

  • United States Department of Agriculture. (2015c). DRI Tables and Application Reports. Retrieved September 23, 2015 from: https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-tables-and-application-reports.

  • Ibiremo, O.S, Ogunlade, M.O, Oyetunji, O.J. and Adewale, B.D. Dry matter yield and nutrient uptake of cashew seedlings as influenced by arbuscularmycorrhizal inoculation, organic and inorganic fertilizers in two soils in Nigeria. ARPN J. Agric. Bio. Sci., 2012, 7, 196-205.

  • African pharmacopoeia. Spore 4. CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands., 1986.

  • Chandel, H.S., Pathak, A.K. and Tailang, M. Standardization of some herbal antidiabetic drugs in polyherbal formulation. Pharmacogn. Res., 2011, 3, 49-56.

  • Mukherjee, K. Plant Lipases as Biocatalysts. Lipid Biotechnology, 2002, 461-482, CRC Press.

  • Dogo Sylvain Badje, DoudjoSoro, Mohamed Anderson Yeo and Ernest Kouadio Koffi. Physico-chemical, functional and sensory properties of composite bread prepared from wheat and defatted cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) kernel flour. IJOEAR., 2008, 4, 88-98.

  • Ojinnaka, M.C. and Agubolum, F.U. Nutritional and sensory properties of cashew nut-wheat based cookies. AJFSN., 2013, 3, 127-134.

  • Olanrewaju Arinola, Stephen and Adesina, Kunle. Effect of thermal processing on the nutritional, antinutritional and antioxidant Properties of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African Walnut). J. Fd. Process, 2014, 1-4.

  • Akinmutimi, A.H. and Ezea, J. Effect of graded level of toasted lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) meal on weaner rabbit diets. Pak. J. Nutr., 2006, 5, 368-372.


Abstract Views: 144

PDF Views: 1




  • Proximate, Physico-Chemical, Nutritive and Anti-Nutritive Assessment of Raw, Boiled and Roasted Kernels of Anacardium occidentale L. var. W210

Abstract Views: 144  |  PDF Views: 1

Authors

A. Elangovan
Department of Botany, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai - 600 054, Tamil Nadu, India
M. Madhu Priya
Department of Botany, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai - 600 054, Tamil Nadu, India
R. Priyadharshini
Department of Botany, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai - 600 054, Tamil Nadu, India
S. Ravi Shankar
Department of Botany, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai - 600 054, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract


Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an evergreen perennial tree, originated from Brazil and now widely grown in the tropics. Cashew is a wonder tree crop, where almost all parts of the tree ranging from roots to apples and nuts are used in various fields. The aim of the present investigation is to analyse the kernels (nuts), var. W210 for understanding its proximate, physico-chemical, nutritive and anti-nutritive aspects in three forms, viz., raw, roasted and boiled state. The roasted samples are comparatively rich in crude carbohydrate (43.26±0.86 g), crude protein (22.80±1.22 g) and calorific value (498.32±1.64 k. cal). Highest lipid and fibre content is reported in raw sample as (33.02±0.94 g) and (8.56±1.62 g) respectively. Moisture content (16.65 ±1.88 g) is the highest to be reported in boiled sample. From the results, it has been clearly understood, that the minerals except iron, are rich in roasted than the other two forms. Roasted sample showed the maximum value of nitrogen (3.66±0.47 g), potassium of about 676.3±0.86 mg, calcium of 75.5±0.44 mg, magnesium of 355.4±0.50 mg and phosphorus of 398.6±1.78 mg/100 g. The iron content was high in raw sample of about 7.73±0.77 mg comparatively. The physico-chemical analysis shows that the total ash content was high in roasted sample which is recorded as 3.05±0.82 g. Other parameters such as acid insoluble ash, water-soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive values are found higher in roasted state. The results of anti-nutrient analysis gives a transparent idea that the raw sample has high content of phytic acid (0.445±0.004%), tannins (0.787±0.005%), saponins (0.101±0.003%) and oxalate (0.099±0.004%). The study addresses the nutritional and the anti-nutritional aspect of A. occidentale in its three forms and from the results obtained, we can conclude that the roasted form of seeds are found to be nutritionally superior for consumption as foods for humans.

Keywords


Cashew, Proximate, Minerals, Physico-chemical and Anti-nutrients

References